No es 
ners, Calamagrostis compacta and Atropis tenuiflora in tufts, 
and lastly Taraxacum bicolor and T. officinalis var. Steveni, 
Oxytropis glabra var. pamiricum, Capsella draboides, Erysimum 
pamiricum, the latter having only been seen a single time in 
Pamir, and then in a salt marsh. Atropis convoluta, a cespi- 
tose grass, and Elymus dasystachys, with runners, belong most 
nearly to salt-marshes, though I have seen them in other 
localities. Carex vesicaria var. alpigena, Triglochin maritimum 
and palustre, Poa pratensis, Hordeum secalinum var. brevi- 
subulatum, Pedicularis uliginosa and Primula sibirica, both 
with beautiful red blossoms, Swertia marginata, and Gentiana 
prostrata have all been found both in non-saline and very 
salty swamp-meadows. I saw Heleocharis palustris and barren 
Phragmites a single time in a salt marsh with an inlet of 
warm, sulphurous water. 
The following species are only seen in non-saline marshes: 
Polygonum viviparum which here is a substitute for P. pa- 
miricum, Ranunculus pulchellus var. pseudohirculus, Astragalus 
brachytropis, Gentiana leucomelaena, and barbata, Pleurogyne 
carinthiaca, Plantago major, Pedicularis rhinanthoides, Saxt- 
fraga hirculus, Euphrasia hirta, Melandrium triste, Capsella 
procumbens, Rheum spiciforme, Juncus triglumis, Carex parva, 
Stellaria brachypetata, and Salix repens var. rosmarinifolia, 
which is sometimes seen on the edge of ihe swamp-meadows 
as low bushes. 
As a rule the species found in swamp-meadows are 
hemieryptophytes and, as one might expect, they have no 
xerophytic traits; a few, (Saussurea and the Chenopodiaceae), 
are thick-leafed halophytes. The majority and the dominating 
species are cespitose plants or spot-bound species, yet a few 
species with runners are also found. There are hardly any 
other annuals than Afriplex and Suaeda. There are several 
plants with beautiful blossoms, as the following examples 
will show: 
Examples of Marsh-Vegetation. 
1. The little lake, Bulung Kul, is shallow, its shores 
flat and almost encircled by a rather broad belt of marsh- 
vegetation. Salt is present nearly everywhere, and on mounds 
7 
