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There is nothing specially characteristic in the submerse 
vegetation of Pamir. Potamogeton pamiricus, alone, seems 
to be characteristic of High Asia. 
D. Stony River-Bed Formation. 
Stony river beds, in which at certain seasons there must 
be much water, but which are almost dry in the summer, 
have a special characteristic vegetation. Here, as along 
lake-shores, willows are often growing, and in the Jaman 
Tal valley, (near Pamirski-post), which is a chasm, 30 mètres 
or more in depth, with perpendicular walls, I have seen wil- 
lows, (Salix oxycarpa) attain a height of 4—5 mètres. Myri- 
caria squamosa (= davurica) forms bushes ‘/2—1 mètre tall, 
and, like M. germanica in Norway, seems to cling to such 
localities. The same is true of Clematis orientalis var. tangutica, 
for the most part procumbent, Scrophularia incisa var. pami- 
‘rica, which forms great tufts, and the lovely white-flowering 
bush, Potentilla Salessowi, whose stiff, upright stems grow 
20—40 cm tall. The following species are also found: Glaux 
maritima, Calamagrostis compacta, Poa compressa, Potentilla 
dealbata and polyschista, cespitose species with white-hairy 
leaves, Carex macrogyna and pseudofoetida, Kobresia Royleana, 
and, too, the delicate little Parnassia subacaulis, Swertia mar- 
ginata, Lappula sp., Crepis tenuifolia and flexuosa, both cespi- 
tose with narrow leaf-lobes. Gypsophila cephalotes, Ligularia 
altaica, with its broad blue-green leaves and close yellow 
flower-heads, Seutellaria filicaulis, Astragalus nivalis, Sisymbrium 
humile, and S. Korolkowii, Tanacetum tibeticum, Allium odorum, 
Rheum spiciforme, the beautiful Delphinium cachemirianum, 
‘/2 mètre tall, with its large pale blue flowers and broad 
leaves, and Trigonella Emodi. The majority of the herbaceous 
plants named here are cespitose in growth, only Carex pseu- 
dofoetida and Glaux have subterranean runners. All species 
are perennial and more or less mesophylic in structure, often 
broad-leafed and smooth. Only a few emigrants from dry 
localities (Trigonella) or from saline soil, (Carex pseudofoetida) 
have mixed in this characteristic, beautiful, luxuriant plant 
community. On the stony bottom there is space between the 
plants, the tufts are far apart, well developed and with no 
