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four different forms of dunes could be distinguished in 
Wakhan. 
1. Hippophaés-dunes. These are small, not more than 
2—3 mètres high, rounded, without distinct windward or 
leeside. This is probably due to the fact that they are so 
closely covered with Hippophaés bushes, which, in some places 
are '/2 mètre, in others 3 mètres tall. Between these grows 
Inula ammophila, a fresh green innerasiatic sand-plant with 
small perfoliate leaves, hairy on the under side. 
Phragmites, too, grows here, — often 2—3 mètres tall, 
with its top waving like a flag above the bushes, — and 
Salix angustifolia and Clematis. All three, like Hippophaés, 
were probably indigenous to the locality before the sand 
came and drifted over them. They are what Cow Les calls 
“antecedent”, in contrast to Inula ammophila which must 
have come after the soil had been covered by sand. 
2. Willow-dunes. These are formed by Salix angusti- 
folia (?). Near Sermut they were 3—4 mètres high, while the 
willows, grouped close together, forming thickets up to 100 
mètres in diameter, rose 4—5 mètres above the sand. Wil- 
lows are probably “antecedent” here too, and were present 
before the sand came, but now continually gather it around 
them in the shelter found between their trunks. Between 
these the sand was bare or dotted with an occasional annual. 
3. Eurotia-dunes. These were the most common and 
also the smallest. The largest were 2 métres high, but as a 
rule they were not over 1 métre. They were sometimes cir- 
cular, but most often rectangular with the longest axis west- 
east. A crest of sand lay often east of the plant indicating 
that the prevailing winds were westerly. This was also shown 
by Eurotia-plants, which only had an allsaround development 
in places sheltered from wind, but which otherwise stretched 
their shoots slantingly upwards toward the east. The main- 
stem, which, as in Pamir, was fasciated, was furthest to the 
west and turned the sharp edge toward the direction from 
which the wind blew. It was often sanded over, and beneath 
the sand the entire system of ramification might be found, 
dead. New shoots had pushed their way upwards, but the 
