‘— 119 — 
Cereals are ground in an old-fashioned way, between two 
stones or in a hollow in the rock where a large stone is 
rolled over and over the kernels. Sometimes the inhabitants 
have a little water-mill, located where the brook leaves the 
mountains, and driving an horizontal mill-stone. 
Further information on agriculture cattle-breeding, tools, 
utensils, etc, may be found in OLursEN’s book, “Through 
the unknown Pamirs”. 
Among the trees growing in the cultivated part of the 
country, the apricot, (Armeniaca vulgaris), is the most im- 
portant, The fruit is not only eaten in the autumn, but 
dried for winter use. The white mulberry, (Morus alba), is 
also common in the western part. This fruit is dried and 
ground to powder which is used as sugar. Populus balsami- 
fera, and Salix alba are also seen. Rose-bushes and Hippo- 
phaës grow between the houses and the gardens. Flowers 
are sometimes cultivated. I have seen Callislephus chinensis, 
Tagetes erectus, Ipomaea purpurea, Chrysanthemum coronarium, 
Calendula officinalis, Malva mauritanica, Amarantus sp., and 
Dracocephalum moldavica. Weeds abound everywhere in the 
cultivated land. The fields present a sorry spectacle indeed. 
The common corn-thistle, Cirsium arvense, is the commonest 
and most harmful weed, but beside this there was a quantity 
of weeds, mostly European: Chenopodium Botrys and album, 
Capsella Bursa Pastoris, Polygonum aviculare and lapathifolium, 
Setaria viridis, Malva verticillata, Lepyrodiclis holosteoides, Le- 
pidium latifolium, Centaurea repens, Bromus tectorum, Anchusa 
arvensis, Melilotus officinalis, Crepis corntculata, Eragrostis 
minor, Elsholtzia densa, Sonchus oleraceus, Mulgedium tatari- 
cum, Hordeum secalinum, Lycopus europaeus, Medicago lupulina, 
Salsola collina, Euphorbia Esula, Solanum nigrum, Phragmites 
communis, Vaccaria segetalis. 
