144 OLAF GALLOE 
Caloplaca nivale Koerb. Lecida granulosa (Ehrh.) Schaer. 
-- tetraspora Ny]. —  limosa Ach. 
— vitellina (Ehrh.) Th. Fr. —  lurida Sw. 
Catillaria cumulata Sm. — neglecta Nyl. 
— Jemtlandica Th. Fr. —  rubiformis Wahlenbg. 
Collema verrucaeforme L. — , ramulosa Th. Fr. 
— pulposum Bernh. —  uliginosa Schrad. 
Coniocybe furfuracea L. —  vernalis (L.) Ach. 
Gyalecta cupularis Ehrh. Lepraria. 
— foveolaris Ach. Lopadium fuscoluteum Dicks. 
Lecanora castanea (Hepp.) Th. Fr. — pezizoideum (Ach.) Koerb. 
— Hageni (Ach.) Koerb. Massalongia carnosa (Dicks.) Koerb. 
— pallescens (L.) Schaer. Microglaena sphinctrinoides Nyl. 
= subfusca (L.) Ach. Pannaria brunnea Nyl. 
— tartarea L. = lepidiota Sm. 
— varia (Ehrh.) Nyl. Pertusaria coriacea Th. Fr. 
Lecidea alpestris Sm. — dactylina Ach. 
— arctica Sm. = oculata Dicks. 
— assimilata Nyl. Placynthium delicatulum Th. Fr. 
— atrorufa Dicks. Psoroma Hypnorum (Hoffm.) Ach. 
= Berengeriana Mass. Rinodina Conradi Koerb. 
— crassipes Th. Fr. — mniaræa (Ach.) Th. Fr. 
— cuprea Sm. = turfacea Wahlenbg. 
= decipiens Ehrh. Toninia squalida (Ach.) Nyl. 
— decolorans Hoffm. — syncomista (Flk.) Th. Fr. 
— elæochroma (Ach.) Th. Fr. — vesicularis Hoffm. 
— fusca Schaer. 
The Foliaceous earth-lichens may be divided into at least 
two groups, procumbent and erect. To the procumbent group be- 
long, e. g. Peltigera (canina, horizontalis, venosa, aphtosa, lepidophora), 
Solorina (crocea, saccata, bispora), Physcia (pulverulenta v. musci- 
gena, stellaris), Dermatocarpon (hepaticum, dædaleum, cinereum). To 
the erect group belong Cetraria (islandica, odontella, cucullata, ni- 
valis, glauca, lacunosa) and some of the species of Collema and 
Leptogium. It is possible that some of the species may be pro- 
cumbent under certain circumstances, and erect under others. It is 
clear that these species differ essentially as regards their competitive 
capacity against other plants. The erect species must be regarded 
as the best equipped in that respect, and are also those which are 
most frequent and most numerous in nature. Ås is well-known the 
Cetraria spp. are much more numerous than are any of the pro- 
cumbent earth-lichens. 
The Procumbent foliaceous lichens grow centrifugally 
from the centre of the plant, arid are provided with scattered bundles 
of rhizines on their under surface. The rhizines atiach themselves 
