154 OLAF GALL@E 
species of lichens (again no parasitic relation appears to arise), or, 
lastly, to quite other plants, e. g. moss, heather, etc. 
Apical haptera put into the ground I have found in the more 
differentiated podetium-wanderers, with distinctly procumbent mar- 
ginal podetia, the apices of which occasionally come into contact 
with the ground, and are then immediately transformed into pencil- 
shaped bundles of hyphæ, which penetrate into the ground, and 
fix the podetia for the time being, and absorb water and nourish- 
ment. The hyphæ are frequently H-shaped by attachment to one 
another (fusions), and they behave exactly like hypothallal hyphæ; 
they attach themselves to mineral-grains, humus-particles, and dead 
plant-remains with the structure intact, nor can it be microscopically 
proved that they affect these bodies chemically. In one single case 
I have seen earth-algæ (Zygogonium-filaments) entangled and attacked 
by the haustoria of the hyphæ, namely in Cladonia rangiferina; 
otherwise earth-algæ do not appear to be attacked by them. Apical 
haptera put into the ground I have found in Cladonia furcata. 
Apical haptera which attach themselves to individuals of the 
same species, I have observed in Cladonia crispata, coccifera, rangi- 
formis, rangiferina, Cornicularia aculeata. 
Apical haptera which attach themselves to the podet of other 
species, I have found in Cladonia degenerans, rangiformis, uncialis, 
rangiferina, Alectoria ochroleuca, Cornicularia aculeata, Bryopogon 
Jubatus v. nitidulus. In none of these cases does the part attacked 
appear to sustain any damage. The haptera appear to be exclusively 
organs of attachment, not suckers. 
The lateral haptera put into the ground (in Cladonia gracilis, 
furcata, rangiformis, uncialis, rangiferina) are biologically identical 
with the apical haptera put into the ground. 
Lateral haptera between podetia of the same species (in Cladonia 
papillaria, crispata, coccifera, Dufourea arctica, muricata, Cladonia 
gracilis, rangiformis, uncialis, rangiferina, Thamnolia vermicularis, 
Cornicularia aculeata, Sphærophorus fragilis) are widely distributed. 
The cortical layer of the podetia grow mutually together, but the 
- gonidium- and the medullary layers are not at all influenced by this. 
A totally different kind of haptera is found in Siphula ceratites, 
where the podetia grow completely together, cortex with cortex, 
medulla with medulla, etc.; Sernander has described this (1901). 
Lateral haptera put into other species (heather, moss and other 
lichens) I have seen in Dufourea arctica, Siphula ceratites, Cladonia 
