Juiy 2 2, 1880] 



NATURE 



V3 



officer. The formula; give the following results for the 

 Livadia : — 



Speed 14 knots. Speed 17 knots. 

 Displacement constants ... 65 ... 116 



Midship sec. ,, 234 ... 419 



These figures illustrate the margins within which the 



performances of the Livadia may range when steaming 

 at above 17 knots and 14 knots respectively. It cannot 

 be expected that her constants will fall so low as the 

 former of the pair just given, and therefore it cannot be 

 doubted that her speed will surpass 14 knots. 



We have intimated that Capt. Goulaeff, in his paper on 



"the Fairfield yi.z\\\. of the Czar," has written with great | 

 confidence on the favourableness of this vessel's form to 

 speed. He says that an addition of 25 or even 50 feet of 

 length would not have reduced the resistance, the increase ^ 

 of friction being more than the improved form of the 

 water-lines would have compensated for. But it is to her 

 shallowness that he looks for her facility of propulsion, 



contending that experiments on both a small and a large 

 scale have shown that it is better for speed to have great 

 breadth rather than great depth. He even says that " at 

 certain speeds a very much broader vessel requires only 

 half as much power compared with another vessel of 

 similar form whose draught is double." It is on this 

 ground that he chiefly bases his anticipation that great 



speeds are not incompatible with the form given to the 

 Livadia. The form of the vessel below water has been 

 very carefully considered. Capt. Goulaeff says :— 



" The form of undenvater portion was made a subject 

 of very careful study. Besides the great experience of 

 the designer of the ship, Admiral Popoff— experience 



which he derived by spending the greater portion of his 

 lifetime either on the ocean or in constructing novel ships 

 and trying them at sea— Dr. Tideman, member of the 

 Academy of Amsterdam, was invited to assist in the 

 determination of questions connected with the resistance 

 of the yacht. In the case of this shallow-draughted 



