lO 



NA TURE 



[May 3, 1906 



the masses rich in alkalies and the biotite-peridotites. 

 Mr. Kynaston (p. 102) regards this rock, with the 

 granites and diorites of the north-west area, as con- 

 temporaneous with the Ben Cruachan granite, that 

 IS, as later than the Lower Old Red Sandstone lava- 

 flows. The regional metamorphism of the older rocks 

 of mid-Argyll is not due to these numerous intrusive 

 masses, nor to any concealed dome of granite. It 

 increases in intensity from north-west to south-east, 

 and also along the strike of the ancient sedimentary 

 series in a north-easterlv direction, so that com- 

 paratively unaltered rocks of the " Loch Awe group " 

 (p. 76) pass, outside the limits of Sheet 37, into 

 schists of a very pronounced degree of crystallisation. 

 Local thermal alteration tends to mask both the 

 original clastic structures and the subsequent foli- 

 ation (p. 39). 



The form of the lake-floors in connection with the 

 passage of ice across them is interestingly discussed 

 in chapter xiii. At the time of maximum glaciation 

 the upper portion of the Loch Fyne ice moved out 

 west>\-ard towards the Sound of Jura, the general 

 south-westerly course being resumed as the ice 

 thinned down again and became guided by the 

 topographic features. It is held that Loch Awe at 

 one time drained southward, when the level of 

 Its waters was nearly 200 feet higher than at 

 present. 



The economic resources of the district, which are 

 neither conspicuous nor generally accessible, are re- 

 ferred to at the close of the memoir. If 

 petrographic details naturally predominate 

 in such a work, they only testify to the 

 scientific thoroughness with which 'the Geo- 

 logical Survey is encouraged to explore the 

 Scottish highlands. 



which is in Hades, and in the Book of the Gates, 

 the dead man is not the principal figure. In fact, 

 in the first-named (hereinafter called "The Book of the 

 Tuat ") he hardly appears at all; the book is merely 

 a description of the other world as it appears to the 

 beatified spirits who follow the bark of the sun-god 

 in its passage through Hades (the Tuat) from west 

 to east, from his setting to his rising. During the 

 night the dead sun-god, known as Auf (" his limbs," 

 i.e. the carcass of the sun), sails through the regions 

 of the underworld to give light to the dwellers 

 therein, and during his voyage the souls of the 

 blessed rise up and join themselves to his boat. It 

 is a weird conception, and the description of these 

 regions of the dark beyond, as given in Dr. Budge's 

 book, is still more weird. The Tuat is divided into 

 several distinct Tuats, each corresponding to one of 

 the great Egyptian necropoles, .'\bydos. Thebes, 

 Sakkara, and Heliopolis. Each has its peculiar 

 features, and appears to be tenanted by demons and 

 spirits with unpronounceable names and of strange 

 appearance, some of whom are good and help the 

 bark of the god on its way, while others are bad 

 and seek by every means in their power to oppose 

 its progress. These are vanquished in succession as 

 the sun passes their territories. The " Book of the 

 Gates " is so called on account of its chief feature 

 being the successive mention of the gates of the 

 Tuats, each of which has its demon-guardian, who is 

 passed by means of the appropriate spell. In it the 



THE EGYPTIAN HEAVEN AND 

 HELL.'^ 



T \ his " Egyptian Heaven and Hell " Dr. * 



Wallis Budge has contributed another ,* 



work to his already long list of books deal- — 



ing with the subject of ancient Egyptian 



religions. It appears in three-volume' form 



in the useful little series of " Books on fig i -i 



Egypt and Chaldaea," written by Dr 

 Budge and Mr. L. W. King, and published 

 by Messrs. Kegan Paul. Those who arc interested 

 m the subject are familiar with Dr. Budge's edition 

 of the " Book of the Dead " in the same series. 

 These volumes form a companion work, being an 

 edition of the two subsidiary collections of funerary 

 texts, " The Book of the Am-Tuat (that which is in 

 Hades)" and "The Book of the Gates," which 

 accompanied the great " Chapters of Coming Forth 

 into the Day," the " Book of the Dead " proper. As 

 in the former work, Dr. Budge gives the text, transla- 

 tion, and illustrations from the original papyri. 



The two subsidiary books difi'er somewhat in pur- 

 pose and scope from the " Book of the Dead " itself. 

 The latter is a collection of spells and " words of 

 magic power " to be learnt by the dead in order to 

 win their way pan the dangers of the unseen world 

 into the presenc- of Osiris. The individual dead 

 man, identified with Osiris, "the Osiris N," is the 

 central figure of every chapter of the " Book of the 

 Dead." "Chapter so-and-so. I, the Osiris so-and- 

 so, say," and so on. But in the Book of That 



„?„;;■ J 5. °^ Am-Tuat pp. v,n+J7S: vol. ii., The Book of Ga.es, 

 pp. Xi» + 3o6; vol. ..,,, The Contents of the Books of the Oiher World 



t,T'^ff.^T>''°'"'T""^' "P- ?'"",+ '32. (London: Kegan Paul and Co., 

 Ltd., 1906.) Price 6s. net each volume. 



NO. 1905, VOL. 74] 



god Osiris appears, but not to the extent to which 

 he appears in the " Book of the Dead," the chapters 

 of which seem to have originally emanated from the 

 original seat of his worsfiip at Busiris in the Delta. 

 Indeed, the " Book of the Tuat " may be a much later 

 invention of the Theban priests, designed to divert 

 the attention of the faithful from the northern Osiris 

 to the sun-god of Thebes. It is homogeneous in 

 plan, which the " Book of the Dead " is not. Dr. 

 Budge gives a parallel version of both subsidiary 

 books in his third volume, so that they can con- 

 veniently be compared. In the same volume are to 

 be found his introduction and a most compendious 

 index. 



The pictures of these two books are extremely 

 remarkable. Tlieir general appearance will be well 

 known to those who have visited the tombs of the 

 kings at Thebes, or have seen the wonderful alabaster 

 sarcophagus of King Seti I. in Sir John Soane's 

 museum in Lincoln's Inn Fields. Under the 

 eighteenth and nineteenth dynasties the walls of the 

 royal tombs were decorated with scenes from the 

 " Book of the Tuat " and " Book of the Gates," so 

 that the dead monarchs could see in pictures at least 

 the weird forms which the imagination of the 



