1 64 



NA TURE 



[June 14, 1906 



UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL 

 INTELLIGENCE. 



Oxford. — Dr. William Somerville has been elected to 

 the Sibthorpian professorship of rural economy. 



The following have been nominated to e.xamine in the 

 final honour schools : — in physics, Mr. W. C. D. Whetham ; 

 in chemistry, Prof. Arthur Smilhells ; in physiology, Mr. 

 W. M. Bayliss. 



.An examination for a geographical scholarship of the 

 value of 60/. will be held on October ii. Candidates, who 

 must have taken honours in one of the final schools of the 

 University, should send in their names to the reader in 

 Geography, Old Ashinolean Building, Oxford, by October i. 



.■\n appointment to the Oxford biological scholarship at 

 Naples will be made next Michaelmas term. Candidates 

 should send their names to the professor of comparative 

 anatomy, the professor of physiology, or the professor 

 of botany, by October 15. 



Cambridge.— Dr. Nuttall, F.R.S., has been appointed 

 reader in hygiene ; Dr. L. Humphry has been re-appointed 

 university lecturer in medicine, and assessor to the regius 

 professor of physic^ 



The degree of LL.D. honoris causa will, on June 16, 

 be conferred on His Excellency Paul Cambon, G.C.V.O., 

 the French Ambassador. 



.A prize of 50/. from the Gordon-Wigan fund will be 

 awarded in next Easter term for a research in chemistry 

 to be carried out in Cambridge by a member of the 

 University under the standing of Master of Arts. 



A course of lectures and demonstrations in crystallography 

 will be given during the long vacation by Mr. Hutchinson, 

 beginning on July 7. 



In the Matheniatical Tripos, part i., two candidates are 

 bracketed as senior wranglers, namely, Mr. A. T. Rajan 

 and Mr. C. J. T. Sewell, both of Trinity. There are 

 thirty-three wranglers. In part ii. all seven candidates 

 are placed in the first class. 



The diploma in agriculture has been awarded to six 

 candidates, who have passed both parts of the examination. 



The certificate of research has been awarded to two 

 advanced students, Mr. P. Phillips and Mr. E. F. Burton, 

 both of Emmanuel College, for researches in experimental 

 phvsics. 



Prof. Sims Woodhead will represent the University at the 

 dedication of the new buildings of the Harvard Medical 

 School on September 25 and 26. 



The inaugural address of the local lectures summer 

 meeting will be given by the Hon. Whitelaw Reid, 

 .American Ambassador, on August 2. 



Mr. Hald.ine, M.P., Secretary of State for War, has 

 consented to distribute the prizes at the London Hospital 

 Medical College on Friday, July 13. 



Prof. Lecomte has been appointed professor of the 

 botany of the phanerogams in the Paris Museum of Natural 

 History, and Dr. Trouessart professor of zoology. 



Herr Adolf Halliciis, managing director of the Fried- 

 rich Wilhelms metallurgical works, Miilheim, has been 

 appointed a professor of the Technical High School at 

 .Aachen. 



Dr. R. Scuenck, privatdocent for chemistry in the 

 chemical institute of Marburg University, has been chosen 

 for the professorship of physical chemistry in the Technical 

 High School in Aachen. 



Dr. Franz Arthur Schulze, privatdocent and senior 

 assistant in the physics institute in Danzig, has been 

 appointed professor of physics in the Technical High School 

 as successor to Prof. Zenneck, now in Brunswick. 



Mr. J. D. Daly, of the Department of Agriculture and 

 Technical Instruction, Ireland, has been appointed secre- 

 tary of the Royal Cotnmission upon Trinity College, Dublin, 

 and the Universitv of Dublin. 



Dr. Otto Diels, senior assistant in the cheinical insti- 

 tute of the University of Berlin, whose brilliant discovery 

 of carbon suboxide was only recently made known, has 

 been granted the title of professor. Dr. Karl Neuberg, 

 assistant in the pathological institute of the same Uni- 

 versity, has also received the same honour. 



.At the meeting of the Glasgow University Court on 

 June 7 a letter of resignation was received from Prof. 

 McKendrick, the professor of physiology. Prof. McKen- 

 drick has held the chair of physiology for thirty years, and 

 has decided to retire at this time in order that his 

 successor may have a considerable share in the equipment, 

 and an opportunity of arranging the details of apparatus, 

 both for teaching and research, of the physiological labor- 

 atories, which have been designed according to specifi- 

 cations supplied by Prof. McKendrick, and are now 

 approaching completion. 



It is announced in Science that Yale University has 

 received an anonymous gift of loooi. to the forestry school, 

 the income of which is to be used for the publication of 

 works on forestry by graduates and members of the faculty. 



The council of the University of Paris has definitely 

 approved of the scheme for the extension of the University. 

 This will include, according to the Lancet, the construc- 

 tion of an institute of chemistry covering an area of 

 9000 square metres. Here will be established the various 

 departments of chemistry belonging to the faculty of 

 science and the department of applied chemistry which, 

 since its creation, have been provisionally installed in some 

 sheds. The cost of this will be 3,000,000 francs, which 

 will be divided between the City of Paris and the State. 

 The extension scheme also includes the acquisition by the 

 University, in view of future necessities, of a plot of land 

 of 14,000 square metres. Towards the cost of this land 

 the University will pay i,qoo,ooo francs and the city 

 700,000 francs, to which will be added the donation from 

 the Prince of Monaco. On a portion of this area will be 

 erected the Institute of Oceanography, founded by the 

 Prince of Monaco. 



NO 191 I, VOL. 74] 



SOCIETIES AND ACADEMIES. 

 London. 



Royal Society, March 15. — "On the Specific Heat of, Heat 

 Flow from, and other Phenomena of the Working Fluid 

 in the Cylinder of the Internal Combustion Engine." By 

 Dugald Clerk. Communicated by the Hon. C. A. Parsons, 

 C.B., F.R.S. 



This paper describes experiments made with a gas-ermine 

 of sixty brake horse-power, devised to obtain data neces- 

 sary for a more complete theory of the internal combustion 

 motor, and also to discriminate between the effects of 

 continued combustion in a gaseous explosion, and specific 

 heat change, at temperatures between 200° C. and 

 1500° C. The new method of experiment consists in 

 alternately compressing and expanding the highly heated 

 gases within the engine cylinder while cooling proceeds, 

 and observing by the indicator the successive pressure falls 

 and compression and expansion curves from revolution to 

 revolution. 



From some two hundred indicator cards taken under 

 varying conditions have been calculated : — (i) a curve of 

 apparent specific heat of the gaseous contents at constant 

 volume between 200° C. and 1500° C. ; (2) curves of heat 

 loss to the enclosing walls ; and (3) distribution of heat in 

 the working cycle calculated from diagrams only. The 

 apparent specific heat at constant volume is proved to in- 

 crease from 22 foot-pounds per cubic foot at 200° C. to 274 

 foot-pounds at 1500° C, and an examination of expansion 

 curves and specific heat determinations made at different 

 engine speeds and jacket temperatures shows that com- 

 bustion is proceeding, and accounts for a part of the 

 apparent increase of specific heat. Tables I. and II. show 

 the apparent instantaneous specific heats and the mean 

 specific heats in foot-pounds per cubic foot of working 

 fluid at 0° C. and 760 mm. 



