THE CHIMPANZEES AND ORANGS. 99 



pleurapophysial boundary for the canal for the vertebral artery is here much thinner 

 than the diapophysial one. The short neural spine is simple. 



In the fifth cervical vertebra (fig. 7, 5, and fig. 12) the upper concavity of the body (c) 

 is less deep than in the Gorilla or Chimpanzee ; its length is absolutely less ; but it is 

 greater in breadth and depth. The costal portion {pi) is now more developed than the 

 diapophysial (rf) and parapophysial {p) portions of the transverse process, and forms a 

 short broad plate with the angles bent upwards. The zygapophyses are relatively larger 

 than in the Gorilla and Chimpanzee : the antero-posterior extent of the neural arch {n) 

 is less than in the Gorilla; its upper margin is sharper than in the Chimpanzee: the 

 neural spine {n s) is much shorter than in the Gorilla, and is bifurcate. In a female 

 Australian it is simple. 



In the sixth cervical vertebra (fig. 7, 6, and fig. 11) the Human characteristics are 

 shown in the greater relative increase in the transverse diameter of the centrum (c), 

 with the minor degree of the upper concavity and lower transverse convexity (c) 

 of the centrum. The pleurapophysial part (pi) of the transverse process is more 

 produced outwards in proportion to the diapophysial part {d) than in the preceding cer- 

 vicals, and it is much less developed than in the Gorilla (fig. 1, 6, and fig. 6, pi). The 

 arterial canal («) is less than in the Gorilla (fig. 6, v). The zygapophyses continue to 

 present their characteristic superiority of size; and the neural spine (jis), although here 

 of greater length than in the fifth cervical, is vastly inferior in this respect to that in the 

 Gorilla, Orang, or Chimpanzee. The upper border of the neural arch is sharper than 

 in the Gorilla or Chimpanzee. 



In the seventh cervical vertebra (fig. 7, 7) the increase of breadth in the centrum, 

 the increase of the vertical extent of the neural arch, and in the length and thickness 

 of the neural spine, is greater in this vertebra, as compared with the sixth cervical, than 

 in the Gorilla or Chimpanzee. The costal part of the transverse process, completing 

 the arterial foramen, is thicker than in the Chimpanzee: the diapophysis (d) is shorter, 

 but much thicker. 



In the skeleton of a Boschisman, as in that of the female Australian in the Museum of 

 the Royal College of Surgeons, the spines of the five lower cervical vertebrae are simple. 



In both the Human subject and the great Anthropoid Apes, the aspect of the articular 

 surfaces of the zygapophyses are, in the upper pair, upwards and backwards, and the 

 reverse in the lower ones. The metapophysial tuberosities (fig. 7, m) are better marked 

 in the last three cervical vertebrae of the Australian than in the Gorilla. 



The diff'erences between the cervical vertebra of the Australian and the Gorilla, which 

 are prominently exemplified in the figures of PI. XXXIII., especially in the contrast of the 

 fifth cervical vertebra of the Gorilla (fig. 5) with that of Man (fig. 12), and of the sixth 

 cervical vertebra (fig. 6) with fig. 1 1, gradually decrease as we pass from the first dorsal 

 vertebra to the lower or succeeding ones. 



Dorsal Vertebra (PI. XXXIV.). — The dorsal vertebrae (fig. 1), besides their increase of 



q2 



