103 PROFESSOR OWEN ON THE OSTEOLOGY OF 



vertebrae, which being usually anchylosed together in the Human adult form the bone 

 called " coccyx." This is shorter and broader at its base in Man (fig. 7, c 1, c 2) than 

 in the Gorilla or Chimpanzee (fig. 3, c 1, c 2). In some rare instances the first caudal 

 vertebra is anchylosed to the last sacral vertebra and modified like it, as in fig. 7, when 

 the coccyx, c 2, is reduced to two vertebrae. 



As the question of the degree of variety to which the portion of the skeleton described 

 and compared in the foregoing pages may be subject in the Human species, is one of 

 much interest in the actual state of organic philosophy, the following results of com- 

 parisons of a skeleton of a male Esquimaux, of a male Dyak (Borneo), and of a well- 

 formed European (Frenchman) may not be unacceptable ; at least as a guide in future 

 comparisons extended over a greater number of individuals. 



Vertebra of an adult male Esquimaux compared with those of an adult male Australian. 



The atlas diff"ers from that of the male Australian in the larger relative size of the 

 zygapophyses. 



The axis. This is larger, has larger zygapophyses, and the under part of the cen- 

 trum less compressed, than in the Australian. The notch between the lower zygapo- 

 physis and diapophysis is less deep in the Australian than in the Esquimaux. In both 

 the neural spine is broad transversely, with its angles bent back. 



The third cervical vertebra. The lower zygapophyses are larger, the diapophyses 

 thicker and more produced, and the canal for the vertebral artery wider, than in the 

 Australian. 



The fourth cervical vertebra. The vertical diameter of the centrum is much greater 

 than in the Australian. 



The first dorsal vertebra. It differs chiefly in its longer and stronger proportions from 

 that of the Australian. 



The second to the sixth dorsal vertebrae. The parapophysis (or articular surface for 

 the head of the rib) increases in size and distinctness from the fourth to the sixth. 

 These vertebrae differ chiefly from those of the Australian by the relatively greater size 

 of the centrum and the stronger processes. 



The seventh to the tenth dorsal vertebrae. They differ chiefly in their relatively 

 larger centrum from those of the Australian. 



The eleventh dorsal vertebra. It has a single surface for the head of the rib on each 

 side, which has ascended from the body upon the neurapophysis. The diapophysis is 

 very short and obtuse : a metapophysis of greater length extends from its upper and 

 back part towards the zygapophysis. There is a short anapophysis. 



The twelfth dorsal vertebra. The costal surface has now wholly passed upon the 

 extremity of the short and thick diapophysis : the metapophysis and anapophysis are 

 distinct from this. As compared with the twelfth dorsal of the Australian, besides a 

 considerable inferiority of size in that variety, the costal surface is on the side of the 



