THE CHIMPANZEES AND ORANGS. 109 



neurapophysis, and has not ascended upon the tubercle which represents the diapo- 

 physis. 



The first lumbar vertebra. The anapophysis and metapophysis have subsided to 

 tubercles, and the diapophysis is elongated by the extension of ossification into the 

 fibro-cartilaginous basis of the pleurapophysis. In the Australian the metapophysis is 

 relatively longer, the diapophysis smaller, and the tubercles on the back of the posterior 

 zygapophyses are less developed. 



'J'he third lumbar vertebra. The upper part of the neural arch has been, probably 

 after fracture, moveably articulated with its piers or bases. The anapophyses are well 

 developed. 



The fourth lumbar vertebra. That of the Australian differs in its much shorter 

 diapophyses. 



The fifth lumbar vertebra. The shortened and much thickened diapophyses present 

 an articular surface for the produced angles of the sacrum. 



The sacrum. It is larger and broader in proportion to its length than in the Austra- 

 lian ; it is also more concave anteriorly. The neural arch is left open and incomplete 

 in all the vertebrae, whilst in the Australian the neural arch of each of the three an- 

 terior sacral vertebrae is completed and supports a spine. 



Vertebra of a male Dyak (Borneo) compared with those of a male Australian. 



'I'he atlas. Compared with that of the Australian, the zygapophyses are smaller, 

 the diapophyses are larger, and the sub-bifurcate neural spine is better deve- 

 loped. The canals for the vertebral arteries are larger, and they perforate the neural 

 arch as well as the transverse process. The neural arch is likewise perforated by the 

 first spinal nerve. The characters of age are manifested by the irregular ossification 

 extending from the periphery of the odontoid articular surface. 



The axis. The diapophyses here are smaller, the bifid spine longer, and the trans- 

 verse processes more widely perforated and more produced, than in the Australian. 



The third cervical vertebra. This, also, repeats the differences of the smaller zyg- 

 apophyses, the larger articular canals, and the more produced divisions of the bifid 

 spine. 



The fifth cervical vertebra. The same differences are repeated in both these vertebra; 

 as compared with those of the Australian. 



The sixth cervical vertebra. The body is proportionally larger and the costal part 

 of the transverse process more produced than in the Australian. As an individual 

 peculiarity, the neural arch and spine are slightly distorted towards the right side, and 

 the vertebral arterial canal of the same side is contracted and divided by a transverse 

 bony bar. 



The seventh cefvical vertebra. Both transverse processes are perforated. All the 



