110 PROFESSOR OWEN ON THE OSTEOLOGY OF 



foregoing vertebrae to the axis inclusive show characters of age by irregular ossifications 

 extending into tlie anterior vertebral ligament. 



The first dorsal vertebra. The inequality of size in the zygapophyses is here less. 

 The diapophyses are longer and stand more outwards, and the centrum is larger than 

 in the Australian. 



The sixth dorsal vertebra. In each of the preceding the diapophyses are less bent 

 upwards than in the Australian. 



The metapophyses are distinctly developed from the upper part of the base of the 

 diapophyses of the eleventh vertebra. 



The twelfth dorsal vertebra. It is larger than in the Australian, has the neural spine 

 more extended in the direction of the axis of the body, has a larger costal surface, and 

 shows the anapophysis more distinct from the rudimental diapophysis. 



The first lumbar vertebra. In this the metapophyses, anapophyses and diapophyses 

 are more produced and distinct than in the Australian. Although the vertebra is 

 larger than in the Australian, the zygapophyses continue to be absolutely as well as 

 relatively less. 



The second lumbar vertebra. Although the anterior zygapophyses in their change 

 of position have ascended to the base of the metapophyses, both these and the anapo- 

 physes continue to be distinct from the progressively increasing diapophyses. 



The third lumbar vertebra. Here both metapophyses and anapophyses have sub- 

 sided to tubercles. The zygapophyses equal those in the Australian, and the diapophyses 

 are of the same length, but the body and neural spine of the vertebra are much larger. 



The fourth lumbar vertebra. This is individually remarkable for the ossific growths 

 which have extended from the under part of its centrum into the ligamentous sheaths 

 underlapping the contiguous vertebra before and behind : the last lumbar vertebra shows 

 in a minor degree the same characteristics of age. 



The sacrum is relatively broader, especially across the third vertebra, and is less con- 

 cave than in the Australian. The neural arch is completed over the first four vertebrae. 



Vertebra of an adult male Frenchman, compared with the foregoing varieties. 



The atlas is larger, particularly in the transverse diameter, than that of the Esquimaux 

 or the Australian. As compared with the latter, the zygapophyses and arterial foramina 

 are proportionally larger. The diapophyses are broader and less obliquely twisted. 



The axis. With the same superiority of size, it differs from that of the Esquimaux 

 in the more backward inclination of the transverse processes and in the deeper notch 

 between these and the posterior zygapophyses. The spine is not so broad, but is 

 higher. 



The third cervical vertebra. In this, the character of the deeper notch between the 

 zygapophysis and diapophysis is repeated. The spine is longer and more slender. 



