112 PROFESSOR OWEN ON THE OSTEOLOGY OF 



those surfaces are turned more obliquely outwards. The hinder half of the neural arch 

 is narrower. 



The first lumbar vertebra. This differs from that of the Esquimaux in having the 

 metapophysial tubercles larger and the anapophysial ones smaller ; the diapophyses are 

 shorter, but broader : the neural canal is wider in proportion to the size of the cen- 

 trum. As compared with that of the Australian, besides the general superiority of size, 

 the difference is chiefly marked in the much longer and larger diapophysis of the French- 

 man's vertebra. As compared with the last dorsal vertebra, besides the usual differ- 

 ence of absence of the costal articular surface, may be noted the diminution of the 

 metapophysis and its approximation to the anterior zygapophysis, which has now a 

 concave surface directed obliquely upwards and inwards. The two tubercles, which 

 terminate the posterior ridge of the neural spine below in the tenth, eleventh and twelfth 

 dorsal vertebrae, are here further apart and advanced upon the back part of the posterior 

 zygapophyses. 



The second lumbar vertebra. The transverse processes of this vertebra are relatively 

 longer than in the Australian, and the spine is higher in proportion to its antero-pos- 

 terior extent. The tubercles behind the posterior zygapophyses are more distinctly 

 developed. The anapophyses have subsided to mere ridges. 



The third lumbar vertebra. That of the Esquimaux differs from it chiefly in the 

 retention of the anapophyses. The zygapophyses are less wide apart in the Esqui- 

 maux. The distance between the zygapophyses in each pair is the same in the Austra- 

 lian as in the European, although the vertebra itself is smaller in the Australian. 



The fourth lumbar vertebra. The zygapophyses are relatively larger than in the 

 Esquimaux, and the whole neural arch with its processes are larger in proportion to 

 the centrum than in the Australian ; the spine more particularly is longer. This ver- 

 tebra differs from the foregoing in the reappearance of the anapophysis upon the back 

 part of the base of the diapophysis. Three ridges radiate from it ; one to the diapo- 

 physis, another to the anterior zygapophysis, a third to the side of the neural arch. 



The fifth lumbar vertebra. The posterior zygapophyses are larger and wider apart 

 than in the Esquimaux, and are larger but not wider apart than in the Australian : the 

 spine is longer than in either of those varieties : the diapophyses are much thicker than 

 in the Australian. The fifth differs from the fourth lumbar vertebra chiefly in the 

 shortening and thickening of the diapophyses, at the back part of which the anapo- 

 physes are reduced to tubercles. The metapophyses now appear as simple thickenings 

 upon the upper border of the anterior zygapophyses. The posterior zygapophyses are 

 larger ; their articular surface is concave, and looks more directly downwards. The 

 neural spine is reduced, particularly in antero-posterior extent. 



The sacrum (PI. XXXVI. fig. 7) consists of six anchylosed vertebrae, the supplemental one, 

 c. 1 , being at the caudal extremity of the bone, and answering to the first caudal vertebra 

 in the normal type of skeleton. The first vertebra of the coccyx in the present instance 



