74 THE HUPA. 
like those of the Klamath River Indians. Another style of lodge, very sel- 
dom seen, was as follows: A circular cellar three or fow feet deep and 
twelve feet wide was dug, and the side walled up with stone. Around this 
cellar at a distance of a few feet from the edge of it was erected a stone 
wall on the surface of the earth. On this wall they leaned up poles, pun- 
cheons, and broad sheets of redwood bark, covering the cellar with a coni- 
‘al shaped inclosure. Sometimes this stone wall instead of being on the 
inside of the wigwam supporting the poles, was on the outside, around the 
ends of the poles, and serving to steady them. Shiftless Indians neglected 
to wall up the cellar with either stone or wood, leaving only a bank of earth. 
In the center of the cellar is a five-sided fire-pit walled with stone, as in the 
common square cabin. This cellar is both dining-room and dormitory; a 
man lying with his head to the wall has his feet in comfortable position for 
toasting before the fire. Under his head or neck is a wooden pillow, a little 
rounded out on top, something like that described by travellers among the 
Japanese. 
Politically the Hupa are fatally democratic, like all their neighbors. 
There is no head chief even for war. When several villages are met 
together for a dance there is one in authority over all, who may be called 
the master of ceremonies. With the California Indians the management of 
a dance is of more importance than the management of a war. 
It is difficult to understand how a war can be conducted without a 
central chief in command until we remember that their wars were only 
raids which might be all over in a day, and certainly did not extend 
beyond aweek. Consequently every man fought in such manner as seemed 
good in his own eyes, taking care only to keep with the main body of the 
warriors. No scalps were taken; the heads of the slain enemies were cut 
off and left on the field. Spies were often employed to visit the enemy’s 
camp to ferret out their plans and report the same. They were paid high 
wages for this dangerous service, sometimes as much as ten strings of dél2- 
kochik, equal to $100, which was contributed by the leading men. 
They have well-established laws, or rather usages, as to riparian rights, 
rights to hunting, fishing, and nutting grounds, laws of murder, injury, and 
c 
insulting words, ete. For instance, if two Hupa have a quarrel and it is 
