76 THE HUPA. 
earnings go to his patrons. He cannot marry any one other than a kinaikil. 
He is subject to abuse and contumely. The only privilege he is entitled to 
is that he may have his earnings or winnings at play, if he chooses, placed 
to his credit, and when they amount to $15 or $20 he may go free. Some- 
times he has to accumulate $50 before he can go free. He also has the 
option of remaining a kinaikil for life. He may marry a woman of the 
same condition, and their children will be kinaikil after them. 
Hupa allikochik is vated a little differently from the Karok. The stand- 
ard of measurement is a string of five shells. Nearly every man has ten 
lines tattooed across the inside of his left arm about half way between the 
wrist and the elbow; and in measuring shell-money he takes the string in 
his right hand, draws one end over his left thumb-nail, and if the other end 
reaches to the uppermost of the tattoo-lines, the five shells are worth $25 
in gold or $5 a shell. Of course it is only one in ten thousand that is long 
enough to reach this high value. The longest ones usually seen are worth 
about $2; that is, $10 to the string. Single shells are also measured on the 
creases on the inside of the left middle finger, a $5 shell being one which 
will reach between the two extreme creases. No shell is treated as money 
at all unless it is long enough to rate at 25 cents. Below that it degenerates 
into ‘““squaw-money”, and goes to form part of a woman’s necklace. Real 
money is ornamented with little scratches or carvings, and with very narrow 
strips of thin, fine snake-skin wrapped spirally around the shells; and some- 
times a tiny tuft of scarlet woodpecker’s down is pasted on the base of the 
shell. 
The Hupa language is worthy of the people who speak it—sonorous 
and strong in utterance, of a martial terseness and simplicity of construc- 
tion. Of the copiousness of its vocabulary a single example will suffice, 
viz, the words denoting some of the stages of human life—mich-é-i-teh, 
kil-c-akh-hutch (kil'-la-hutch), an-chil'-chwil (kon-chwil -chwil), ho-es-teh, hwa- 
at'-ho-len, ki-iing-whe-uh (ki-whin), which denote, respectively, “baby”, “boy- 
baby”, “youth or young man”, “man”, ‘married man” (wife-man), ‘old 
man”. It has the Turanian feature of agglutination; that is, among other 
things, the pronoun is glued directly to the noun to form a declension. The 
possessive case is formed by placing the two words in close juxtaposition, 
