BOUNDARIES AND POPULATION. 219 
by the Spaniards, on account of their gross licentiousness, Putos, and the 
stream Rio de los Putos. In Berryesa Valley were the To-pai’-di-sel; on 
upper, middle, and lower Cache Creek, respectively, the Ol’-po-sel, Chen’-po- 
sel, and Wi-lak-sel, which signify “upper tribe”, “lower tribe”, and ‘tribe 
on the plains”. In Long Valley are the Lol’-sel or Lold’-la; Jol denotes 
“Indian tobacco”, and sel is a locative ending; hence the name means 
“Indian tobacco place”, applied first to the valley, then to the people in it. 
At Knight’s Landing are the Yo-det’-a-bi; in Cortina Valley the Wai’-ko-sel 
(north tribe); at Colusa the Ko-ri-si (corrupted to the present form), whose 
most celebrated chiefs were Sai’-ok and Hu-kai’-leh. On Stony Creek the 
Patwin intermarried with the Wintiin and were called by the latter No-yt- 
ki (southern enemies). 
If all the immense plains from Stony Creek to Suisun had been occupied 
the population would have been very great; but for several more or less 
obvious reasons they were not. In winter there was too much water on 
them, in summer none at all, and the aborigines had no means of procuring 
an artificial supply. Besides there was no wood on them, and the over- 
flowed portions in early summer breed millions of accursed gnats, which 
render human life a burden and a weariness. Hence they were compelled to 
live beside water-courses, except during certain limited periods in the win- 
ter, when they established hunting-camps out on the plains. Nor could 
they even dwell beside the Sacramento, save on those few low bluffs, as at 
Colusa, where the tule swamp does not approach the river. At a point 
about four miles south of Colusa there are indications in the shape of cir- 
cular excavations that they once had somewhat substantial dwellings far 
from water; yet these may have been only permanent hunting-camps. 
They also had temporary camps in winter along the edge of the tule 
swamp for the purpose of snaring wild-fowl. 
But along the streams the population was dense. General Bidwell 
states that, in 1849, the village of the Korusi contained at least one thou- 
sand inhabitants. In Spring Valley, on the Estes Ranch, a cellar was lately 
dug which revealed a layer of bones six or eight feet below the surface, 
lying so thick that they formed a white stratum all around the side of the 
cellar. At Vacaville great numbers of bones have been discovered in 
