422 ABORIGINAL BOTANY. 
so as to make the smoke circulate all through it, and come in contact with 
every portion of his body. When an Indian has an arrow-wound, or wound 
or sore of any kind, he smears it with the pitch of this tree, and renews it 
when it wears off. In the spring, if food is scarce, they eat the buds on the 
ends of the limbs, the inner bark, and the core of the cone (ta’-ch), which 
is something like a cabbage-stalk when green. The cone-core and bunch- 
grass are boiled together for a hair-dye. They are as proud of their black 
hair as the Chinese ; and when an old chief who is somewhat vain of his 
personal appearance, or one of the dandies of the tribe, finds his hair grow- 
ing gray, he has his squaw boil up a decoction of this kind, and he sops his 
bleaching locks in it. The tar (shin'-dak), which is worn by widows in 
mourning, is made of hot pitch and burned acorns, powdered ; it is removed 
by means of soap-root (Chlorogalum pomeridianum) and hot water. 
Chip'-pa is the willow, the long twies of which are used both for arrows 
and basket-making. In making an arrow the hunter employs a rude kind 
of turning-lathe, a couple of sticks held in the hand, between which the 
twig intended for the arrow is tightly clamped and twisted around, which 
rubs off the bark and the alburnum, and makes it round. The long straight 
shoots of the buckeye (po’-loh, po'-lem du) are used for the same purpose. 
For the woof in basket-making they employ the wood of the redbud (Cercis 
occidentalis—pad'-dit), which is split wp with flints or the finger-nails into fine 
strings, used substantially as thread. The willow twig is passed round and 
round the basket, the butt of one lapping the tip of the other, while the 
redbud strings are sewn over the upper and under the lower. 
Ko’-toh is the manzanita. Its berries are a favorite article of food, and 
are eaten raw, or pounded into flour in a basket, the seeds separated out, 
and the flour made into mush, or sacked and laid away for winter. They 
also make quite an agreeable article of cider from them, by soaking the 
flour in water several hours, and then draining it off. 
Alder is shu’-tum; poison-oak is chi'-tok. They are less easily poisoned 
by the latter than Americans; their children handle it a great deal while 
little. They eat the leaves both as a preventive and asa cure for its effects, 
though it sometimes poisons them internally. The women use the leaves 
freely in cooking ; they lay them over a pile of roots or a batch of acorn- 
