436 SUPPLEMENTARY FACTS. 
the surface, with only a hollow scooped out sufficiently to bank out the rain 
inastorm. This change, teo, is quite too sudden to be explained by the 
greater warmth of the climate. On the Klamath and north of it the suda- 
tory, or sweat-house, is wholly underground, but south of it everywhere it 
is almost always above, though covered with a layer of earth. The 
climate on the Klamath west of the mountains is very little colder than 
that on the Upper Sacramento, and not so cold as that on the Upper Trinity. 
3. Among the Indians north of Mount Shasta, including several tribes 
within California, a majority of the shamans, or physicians, are women; but 
south they are almost wholly excluded from the practice of medicine. 
4. These tribes north of the line, and more especially the Oregon In- 
dians, are very fond of horses; while the true California Indian does not 
seek to accumulate wealth in horses, but prefers shells and makes all his 
bargains in that medium, and has little to do with the noble brute until you 
go far enough south to find a touch of Spanish blood in his veins. 
I1Ik.— VARIETIES OF LODGES. 
Perhaps the reader will not have noticed the large variety of styles 
employed by the California Indians in building their dwellings according to 
the requirements of the climate or the material most convenient. (1) In 
the raw and foggy climate of the northwestern portions of the State we 
find the deep, warm pit in the earth, surmounted by a house shaped some- 
thing like our own, and firmly constructed of well-hewn redwood punch- 
eons or poles. (2) In the snow-belt, both of the Coast Range and the 
Sierra, the roof must necessarily be much sharper than on the lowlands ; 
hence roof and frame become united in a conical shape, the material being 
poles or enormous slabs of bark, with an open side toward the north or 
east, in front of which is the bivouac-fire, thus keeping the lodge free from 
smoke. (3) In the very highest regions of the Sierra, where the snow falls 
to such an enormous depth that the fire would be blotted out and the whole 
open side snowed up, the dwelling retains substantially the same form and 
materials, but the fire is taken into the middle of it, and one side of it (gen- 
erally the east one) slopes down more nearly horizontal than the other, and 
terminates in a covered way about three feet high and twiceaslong. (4) In 
