MacMillan: shores at lake of the woods. 1001 



into the enquiry. I have seen zonal anchored bogs caught in 

 coves surrounded with Populus trees and by the juxtaposition 

 the bog was quickly cohered with Populus seedlings to the 

 obliteration of its zonal character. Again other bogs, quite 

 azonal from their long separation from the shore of origin, 

 coming into a small bay with morassic shore within a couple 

 of seasons showed the distribution in zonal lines already well 

 begun. 



In general, concerning floating or anchored bogs, it might be 

 supposed that they could belong to any one of the types of wet 

 morass described above. But practically, so far as has been 

 observed, they are always either gramineous or cyperaceous. 

 Except in rare instances, the Panicularia type alone can not 

 develop into floating bog for it is too loosely woven, and the 

 waves soon break it up. The same is true of Ctricularia mor- 

 ass alone. Nor do the Polygonum, nor the Salix, nor the 

 Spiraea morasses have the separability, the texture, the coher- 

 ency and the pliability necessary for floating bog construction. 

 In a word, then, these interesting formations begin as morasses 

 of sedges or grasses, but contain also numerous other species 

 of plants. On the whole, Sparganium seems to be one of the 

 most characteristic genera of the floating bogs, although Hip- 

 pur is and Equisetum, with Typha, Carex, and Epilobium, are 

 very constant components. In no case at Lake of the Woods 

 have any Ericaceae been observed on these formations, 

 although Ledum and Andromeda, are not infrequent denizens of 

 floating islands in central Minnesota. 



SURF-BARRIERS. 



The surf-barrier formations are such as can maintain them- 

 selves off shore where the surf has play, therefore they must 

 be able to withstand the occasional or perhaps frequent shock 

 of "white-caps" breaking over or against them. Naturally 

 some shores are exposed to so strong surf that no cumaphyte 

 can live under the impact. This is the case at Oak point, 

 where the breakers from the Grand Traverse strike the shore 

 fairly and come up over the shelving bottom with great vigor. 

 But near less exposed beaches, and off many rocky shores, the 

 waves are not so heavy, and many of the surf-dwelling plants 

 can find a foot hold. 



The general character of cumaphyteo are necessarily such 

 that impact of the waves does not injure or displace them. 

 They are all, therefore, rooted strongly at the bottom, in 



