HINTS AND EXPLANATIONS. 23 
§ 5.—_IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS. 
All of our Indian tribes had developed rude arts before the advent 
of the white man, and manufactured various implements and utensils. 
For war they had bows, arrows, spears, clubs, and slings. Their bows 
were usually made of wood: the back of the bow being sometimes cov- 
ered with sinew fastened on with glue; some few tribes, however, made 
them of the horns of the mountain sheep. For this purpose the horns were 
soaked in water and split into shavings, and the shavings glued together to 
form the bow. 
Their bow-strings were made of sinew or twisted vegetable fibers. 
To prevent the wrist from being cut by the bow-string, they used a wrist- 
euard made of a piece of untanned skin of some animal, hardened by 
drying. 
In the arrow three elements are recognized—the arrow-head, shaft, 
and shaft feathers. Arrow-heads were made of stone, bone, horn, or very 
hard wood. Their shafts were made of wood or reeds, and were often 
feathered. The arrow-head was fastened to the shaft sometimes with 
vegetable or mineral resins, sometimes by tying with sinew; or both 
methods were used. The shreds of feather were attached to the shaft 
with sinew. 
The implements used in making their arrows were as follows: For 
rudely breaking up the flint or other stone material necessary for their 
arrow-heads stone hammers were used. For finally fashioning the heads 
little rod-like instruments of bone or horn were used, and the chipping 
was done by sudden pressure. Stone and copper knives were used in 
fashioning the shafts, and a piece of perforated horn or bone was used 
as a shaft straightener. The shafts were polished with a grooved stone. 
The arrows were carried in a quiver slung on the back and open at 
the shoulder. 
Their clubs were variously carved and ornamented; sometimes they 
were weighted at the end farthest from the hand by a knot. Sometimes a 
larger stick was used, and the handle cut down so that the extreme end 
was reinforced. Sometimes the war-clnb was composed of a handle fast- 
