46 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF INDIAN LANGUAGES. 
on mountains, has been changed, and he has been placed under new phys- 
ical environments. The force of acculturation under the overwhelming 
presence of millions of civilized people has wrought great changes. Primi- 
tive Indian society has either been modified or supplanted, primitive relig- 
ions have been changed, primitive arts lost, and, in like manner, primitive 
languages have not remained unmodified. The period of European asso- 
ciation has been one of rapid growth and development, especially in the 
accumulation of new words. 
The Indian method of coining new words and adapting old words to 
new uses is an interesting branch of philologic study. Hence, a long list of 
such names are called for in Schedule 24. 
REMARKS ON NOUNS. 
Twenty-four schedules are given to the collection of nouns. 
There are some characteristics of Indian nouns that may well receive 
some explanation here. 
“Little” is a surname often found among English-speaking people. 
By its use the persons to whom it is applied are named, but not described. 
Should we meet with a similar appellation in an Indian tongue, the person 
named would also be described. Personal names and all other names are, 
to a large extent, descriptive in Indian tongues. In denoting the person or 
thing, they connote characteristics, qualities, &c. That is, in the Indian 
tongues, as compared with the civilized tongues, names are excessively con- 
notive, and this appears in their morphology, as many names are found to 
be phrases, clauses, or even sentences. The name of the bear may be 
‘he who seizes” or “the one with the brown nose”; the name of the wolf 
may be “the prowler,” “the roamer,” “ or the “howler.” Like illustrations 
are found on every hand. 
Again, names are often compounded of other names, with adjectives, 
verbs, and prepositions. 
§ 25—NUMBER AND GENDER OF NOUNS—DEMONSTRATIVE AND AD- 
JECTIVE PRONOUNS. 
In Indian languages gender is usually something more than a distinc- 
tion of sex. The primary classification of objects is usually into animate 
