HINTS AND EXPLANATIONS. 47 
and inanimate. In some few languages the animate gender is again divided 
into male and female, but sometimes the genders of Indian tongues are 
very elaborate and curious. As these distinctions belong chiefly to the 
personal and article pronouns, they will be hereafter more fully explained 
in treating of those subjects. 
There are usually three numbers—singular, dual, and plural—though 
often the dual number pertains only to the pronoun. In nouns sometimes 
the names of animate objects only are changed to express number. Nouns 
are rarely varied to denote case. This subject belongs to the pronouns. 
Schedule 25 will draw out the principal facts necessary to a proper under- 
standing of these matters. At the same time the student will have discoy- 
ered some of the demonstrative and adjective pronouns. 
§ 26—PERSONAL AND ARTICLE PRONOUNS—TRANSITIVE VERBS. 
In the pronouns we often have the most difficult part*of an Indian 
language. Pronouns are only to a limited extent independent words. 
Among the free pronouns the student must early learn to distinguish 
between the personal and the demonstrative. 'The demonstrative pronouns 
are more commonly used. The Indian is more accustomed to say this per- 
son or thing, that person or thing, than he, she, or it. In the preceding 
schedule the student has obtained the demonstrative pronouns. Among the 
free personal pronouns the student may find an equivalent of the pronoun 
“J.” another signifying “I and you;” perhaps another signifying ‘I and 
he,” and one signifying ‘“ we,” 
those present; and another including the speaker and persons absent. He 
more than two, including the speaker and 
will also find personal pronouns in the second and third person, perhaps 
with singular, dual, and plural forms. 
To a large extent the pronouns are incorporated in the verbs as pre- 
fixes, infixes, or suffixes. In such cases we will call them article pronouns. 
These article pronouns point out with great particularity the person, num- 
ber, and gender both of subject and object, and sometimes of the indirect 
object. When the article pronouns are used the personal pronouns may 
or may not be used; but it is believed that the personal pronouns will 
always be found. Article pronouns may not always be found. In those 
languages which are characterized by them they will be used alike when 
