50 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF INDIAN LANGUAGES. 
rated in the: verb as explained above, and thus constitutes a part of its 
conjugation. 
Again, adjectives are used as intransitive verbs, as in most Indian 
languages there is no verb ‘to be” used as a predicant or copula. Where in 
English we would say “the man is good,” the Indian would say ‘“‘that man 
good,” using the adjective as an intransitive verb, é. e, as a predicant. If 
he desired to affirm it in the past tense, the intransitive verb ‘‘ good” would 
be inflected, or otherwise modified, to indicate the tense; and so, in like 
manner, all adjectives when used to predicate can be modified to indicate 
mode, tense, number, person, &c., as other intransitive verbs. 
Comparison of adjectives may be effected by inflections, by the use 
of incorporated particles, by the use of independent words, or by para- 
phrastic expressions. 
Adverbs are used as intransitive verbs. In English we may say ‘he 
is there”; the Indian would say ‘that person there,” usually preferring the 
demonstrative to the personal pronoun. The adverb “there” would, there- 
fore, be used as a predicant or intransitive verb, and might be conjugated 
to denote different modes, tenses, numbers, persons, &c. Verbs will often 
receive adverbial qualifications by the use of incorporated particles, and, 
still further, verbs may contain within themselves adverbial limitations 
without our being able to trace such meanings to any definite particles or 
parts of the verb. 
The comparison of adverbs may be effected by inflections, by incor- 
porated particles, by the use of distinct words, or by paraphrastic expres- 
sions. 
Prepositions are transitive verbs. In English we may say “the hat is 
on the table”; the Indian would say “that hat on table”; or he might 
change the order and say “that hat table on”; but the preposition “on” 
would be used as an intransitive verb to predicate and may be conjugated. 
Prepositions may often be found as particles incorporated in verbs, and, 
still further, verbs may contain within themselves prepositional meanings 
without our being able to trace such meanings to any definite particles 
within the verb. But the verb connotes such ideas that something is needed 
to complete its meaning, that something being a limiting or qualifying 
