HINTS AND EXPLANATIONS. 51 
word, phrase, or clause. Prepositions may be prefixed, infixed, or suffixed 
to nouns; i. @., they may be particles incorporated in nouns. 
Nouns may be used as intransitive verbs under the circumstances when 
in English we would use a noun as the complement of a sentence after the 
verb ‘‘to be.” 
The verb, therefore, often includes within itself subject, direct object, 
indirect object, qualifier, and relation-idea. Thus it is that the study of 
an Indian language is, to a large extent, the study of its verbs. 
From the remarks above, it will be seen that Indian verbs often include 
within themselves meanings which in English are expressed by adverbs 
and adverbial phrases and clauses. Thus the verb may express within itself 
direction, manner, instrument, and purpose, one or all, as the verb ‘to go” 
may be represented by a word signifying ‘go home”; another, “go away 
from home”; another, ‘go to a place other than home”; another, “ go from 
a place other than home; one, “go from this place,” without reference to 
home; one, ‘‘to go up”; another, “to go down”; one, ‘‘ go around”; and, 
perhaps, there will be a verb ‘‘go up hill”; another, “go up a valley”; 
another, “go up ariver,” &c. Then we may have “to go on foot,” ‘to go 
on horseback,” ‘to go in a canoe”; still another, “to go for water”; another, 
“for wood,” &c. Distinct words may be used for all these, or a fewer 
number used, and these varied by incorporated particles. In like manner, 
the English verb “to break” may be represented by several words, each of 
which will indicate the manner of performing the act or the instrument with 
which it is done. Distinct words may be used, or a common word varied 
with incorporated particles. 
The verb ‘to strike,” which appears so often in the schedule, may be 
represented by several words, as signifying severally “to strike with the 
fist,” “to strike with a club,” “to strike with the open hand,” ‘‘to strike 
with a whip,” “to strike with a switch”, to strike with a flat instrument,” 
&e. A common word may be used with incorporated particles or entirely 
different words used. 
§ 29—VOICE, MODE, AND TENSE. 
The student will find the passive voice an interesting subject of study, 
as in most languages there is no verb “‘to be” with which it can be formed; 
