HINTS AND EXPLANATIONS. 53 
incorporated adverb will be used; but the particular particle which gives 
the qualified meaning may not always be discovered; and in one language 
a different word will be introduced where in another the same word will be 
used with an incorporated particle. 
It is stated in section 28 that incorporated particles may be used to 
indicate direction, manner, instrument, and purpose ; in fact, any adverbial 
qualification whatever may be made by an incorporated particle instead of 
an adverb as a distinct word. No line of demarkation can be drawn 
between these adverbial particles and those mentioned above as modal 
particles. Indeed, it seems best to treat all these forms of the verb arising 
from incorporated particles as distinct modes. In this sense, then, an Indian 
language has a multiplicity of modes. It should be further remarked that 
in many cases these modal or adverbial particles are excessively worn, so 
that they may appear as additions or changes of simple vowel or consonant 
sounds. When incorporated particles are thus used, distinct adverbial 
words, phrases, or clauses may also be employed, and the idea expressed 
twice. 
It will usually be found difficult to elaborate a system of tenses in 
paradigmatic form. The student will find a great many tenses or time par- 
ticles incorporated in verbs. Some of these time particles will be excess- 
ively worn, and may appear rather as inflections than as incorporated 
particles. Usually rather distinct present, past, and future tenses will be 
discovered ; often a remote or ancient past, and less often an immediate 
future. But great specification of time in relation to the present and in 
relation to other times will usually be found. All these time particles 
should be worked out and their meaning and use recorded. 
It was seen above that adverbial particles cannot be separated from 
modal particles. In like manner tense particles cannot be separated from 
adverbial and modal particles. 
In an Indian language adverbs are differentiated only to a limited 
extent. Adverbial qualifications are found in the verb, and thus there are 
a multiplicity of modes and tenses, and no plane of demarkation can be 
drawn between mode and tense. From preceding statements it will appear 
