ig 
ON THE ALPHABET. 15 
§ as in sauce; German, Sack, wissen; Fr., sauce; Sp., sordo. 
tas in touch; German, Tag; Fr, tdler; Sp., tomar. 
u as in rule, fool; German, du; Fr., doux; Sp., uno, ninguno. 
ti as in pull, full; German, und. 
é as in German kiihl, kiissen; Fr., tu, mir. 
u as in but, run, son, blood; Fr., pleuvoir, pleurisie. 
v as in valve; French, veux; Sp., volver; and as w in German wenn. 
was in wish, will; nearly as ow in French oui. 
x nearly as the Arabic ghain (the sonant of gq.) 
y as in you, year; Spanish, ya, yacer; j in German ja. 
zas z and s in zones; German, Hase; Fr., zéle, rose; Sp., rosa. 
dj as j in judge. 
hw as wh in when, why; Sp., huerta. 
hy as in hue. 
ly as Ili in million; as Ul in Fr. brillant; Sp., ano, cavallo; and as gl in Italian 
moglie. 
ng as in finger, linger. 
ny as ni in onion and i in canon, Fr., agneau; Spanish, marana, patrana. 
te as ch in church, and ¢ in Italian cielo; Sp., achaque, choza, chupar. 
Excessive prolongation of a vowel should be marked thus: a4, 
Oa. : 
Nasalized vowels should be written with a superior x, thus: ¢”, 0, a”, 
aa" 
An aspirated sound should be marked by an inverted comma, thus: b‘, d‘. 
An exploded sound or hiatus should be marked by an apostrophe, 
thus: 0’, d’. 
Synthetic sounds should be written with the letter which represents 
the sound which seems to be most commonly emitted. 
The following letters, inverted, can be used for sounds not provided 
for in the above alphabet: 
Gyan Gy Ce, , €,.9, Jet, 1, hs (ly M, 0,.0, 6, 7,1) 0; WY: 
DDD MU ON On Byt9 Dn Yr Ot Ye 9, A On 0% 0. hi 9. Rn hs 
The letters to be inverted in print should be written upright in the 
manuscript, and marked thus: d, h, 1. 
