58 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF INDIAN LANGUAGES. 
languages where article pronouns are not found the verbs are inflected to 
accomplish the same part of their conjugation. Perhaps, when we come 
more fully to study the formative elements in these more highly inflected 
languages, we may discover in such elements greatly modified, é. e., worn 
out, incorporated pronouns. 
The above explanation is given that the student who may desire to 
make a somewhat exhaustive study of a language may be on the lookout for 
different ways of combination, especially to discover if the Chinese method 
by juxtaposition is used even to a limited extent. 
II. The process by vocaLic Muration. Here, in order to form a new 
word, one or more of the vowels of the old word are changed, as in “‘man”— 
“men,” where an ‘‘e” is substituted for ‘‘a”; ‘ran”—‘“‘run,” where ‘‘u” is 
substituted for “a”; “lead”—‘‘led,” where ‘“e,’ 
substituted for ‘‘ea” with its proper sound. This method is used to a very 
limited extent in English. When the history of the words in which it occurs 
is studied it is discovered to be but an instance of the wearing out of the 
different elements of combined words; but in the Hebrew this method pre- 
vails to a very large extent, and scholars have not yet been able to discover 
its origin in combination as they have in English. It may or may not have 
been an original grammatic process, but because of its importance in cer- 
’ 
with its proper sound, is 
tain languages it has been found necessary to deal with it as a distinct and 
original process. 
III. The process by inronation. In English new words are not formed 
by this method, yet words are intoned for certain purposes, chiefly rhetor- 
ical. We use the rising intonation (or inflection, as it is usually called) to 
indicate that a question is asked, and various effects are given to speech by 
the various intonations of rhetoric. But this process is used in other lan- 
guages to form new words with which to express new ideas. In Chinese 
eight distinct intonations are found, by the use of which one word may be 
made to express eight different ideas, or perhaps it is better to say that 
eight words may be made of one. 
IV. The process by ptacemENT. The place or position of a word may 
affect its significant use. Thus in English we say ‘John struck James.” 
By the position of those words to each other we know that John is the 
actor, and that James receives the action. 
