74 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF INDIAN LANGUAGES. 
manner verb, pronoun, and adjective are combined, and to this extent these 
parts of speech are undifferentiated. 
In section 27 it was shown that nouns sometimes contain particles 
within themselves to predicate possession, and to this extent nouns and 
verbs are undifferentiated. In some languages the article pronoun consti- 
tutes a distinct word, but whether free or incorporated it is a complex tissue 
of adjectives. 
In section 28 it was shown that adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and 
nouns are used as intransitive verbs, and to such extent adjectives and 
verbs, adverbs and verbs, prepositions and verbs, are undifferentiated. 
To the extent that voice, mode, and tense are accomplished by the use 
of agglutinated particles or inflections, to that extent adverbs and verbs are 
undifferentiated. 
To the extent that adverbs are found as incorporated particles in verbs, 
the two parts of speech are undifferentiated. 
To the extent that prepositions are particles incorporated in the verb, 
prepositions and verbs are undifferentiated. 
To the extent that prepositions are affixed to nouns, prepositions and 
nouns are undifferentiated. 
In all these particulars it is seen that the Indian tongues belong to a 
very low type of organization. Various scholars have called attention to 
this feature by describing Indian languages as being holophrastic, polysyn- 
thetic, or synthetic. The term synthetic is perhaps the best, and may be 
used as synonymous with undifferentiated. 
Indian tongues, therefore, may be said to be highly synthetic in that 
their parts of speech are imperfectly differentiated. 
In these same particulars the English language is highly organized, as 
the parts of speech are highly differentiated. Yet the difference is one of 
degree, not of kind. 
To the extent in the English language that inflection is used for quali- 
fication, as for person, number, and gender of the noun and pronoun, and 
for mode and tense in the verb, to that extent the parts of speech are un- 
differentiated. But we have seen that inflection is used for this purpose to 
a very slight extent. 
