7: 



MISSIONS 



[b. a. e. 



tied on the n. shore in the neighborhood 

 of Quinte bay. A t their request Snlpician 

 priests were sent to minister to them, lint 

 within a few years the immigrant Indians 

 had either returned to their original 

 country or scattered among the other 

 Canadian missions. In 1676 the Catholic 

 Iroquois mission town of The Mountain 

 was founded by the Snlpician lathers 

 on the island of Montreal, with a well- 

 organized industrial school in charge 

 of the Congregation sisters. In conse- 

 quence of these removals from tlie Iro- 

 quois country and the l)reaking out of a 

 new war with the Five Tribes in 1687, 

 the Jesuit missions in New York were 

 brought to a close. In the seven years' 

 war that followed, Christian Iroquois of 

 the missions and heathen Iroquois of the 

 Five Nations fought against each other as 

 allies of French or English, respectively. 

 The Mountain was al)audoned in 1704, 

 and the mission transferred to a new site 

 at the Sault au Eecollet, n. of Montreal. 

 In 1720 this was again removed to the 

 Lake of Two Mountains (Oka, or Canasa- 

 daga) on the same island of Montreal, 

 where the Iroquois were joined l)y the 

 Nipissingand Algonkin, of theformerSul- 

 pician mission town of Isle aux Tourtes. 

 Among the noted workers identified with 

 it, all of the scholarly Snlpician order, 

 may be named Revs. Deperet, Giien, 

 Mathevet, 1746-81; De Terlaye, 1754-77; 

 Guichart, Dufresne, andJean Andre Cuoq, 

 1843-90. Several of these gave attention 

 also to the Algonkin connected with the 

 same mission, and to the Iroquois of St 

 Regis and other stations. All of them 

 were fluent masters of the Iroquois lan- 

 guage, and ha\e left imjiortant contribu- 

 tions to , philology, particularly Cuoq, 

 whose "Etudos philologiques" and Iro- 

 quois dictionary remain our standard au- 

 thorities. 



All effort among the villages of the 

 confederacy was finally abandoned, in 

 consequence of the mutual hostility of 

 France and England. In 1748 the Snl- 

 pician Father Francois Picquet founded 

 the new mission settlement of Presenta- 

 tion on the St Lawrence at Oswegatchie, 

 the present Ogdensburg, N. Y., which 

 within three years ha<l a prosperous pop- 

 ulation of nearly 400 families, drawn 

 cliiefly from the Onondaga and Cayuga 

 tribes. About 1756 the still existing mis- 

 sion town of St Francis Regis (St Regis), 

 on the s. side of the St Lawrence where 

 the Canada-New York Iwundary inter- 

 sects it, was founded under Jesuit aus- 

 pices by Iroquois emigrants from Caugh- 

 nawaga mission. The Oswegatchie set- 

 tlement declined after the Revolution un- 

 til its abandonment in 1807. Caughna- 

 waga, St Regis, and Lake of Two Moun- 

 tains still exist as Catholic Iroquois mis- 



sion towns, the two first named being the 

 largest Indian settlements n. of Mexico. 



About the year 1755 the first mission in 

 w. I*ennsylvania was established among 

 the Delawares at Sawcunk, on Beaver 

 r., by the Je-suit Virot, but was soon 

 discontinued, probably on account of the 

 breaking out of the French and Indian 

 war. 



Philology owes much to the labor of 

 these missionaries, particularly to the 

 earlier Jesuit, Jacffues Bruyas, and the 

 later secular priest, Father Joseph Mar-. 

 coux (St Regis and Caughnawaga, 1813, 

 until his death in 1855), whose monu- 

 mental Iroquois grammar and dictionary 

 is the fruit oi forty years' residence with 

 the tribe. Of Father Bruyas, connected 

 with the Sault Ste Louis (Caughnawaga) 

 and other Iroquois missions from 1667 un- 

 til his death in 1712, during a part of which 

 period he was superior of all the Canadian 

 missions, it was said that he was a master 

 of the IVIohawk language, speaking it as 

 fluently as his native French, his diction- 

 ary of INIohawk root words being still a 

 standard. Father Antoine Rinfret, 1796- 

 1814, has left a body of more than 2,000 

 quarto j tages of manuscript sermons in the 

 jNIohawk language; while Rev. Nicolas 

 Burtin, of Caughnawaga (1855- ), is an 

 even more voluminous author. 



The Lutheran minister, John Campa- 

 nius Holm (commonly known as Campa- 

 nius), chaplain of the Swedish colony in 

 Delaware in 1643-48, gave much attention 

 to missionary work among the neighbor- 

 ing Indians and translated a catechism 

 into the Delaware language. This seems 

 to have -been the only missionary work 

 in the Atlantic states by that denomina- 

 tion. 



L'uder the encouragement of the Eng- 

 lish colonial government the Ephcopa- 

 lians, constituting the established Church 

 of England, undertook work among the 

 Iroquois tribesof New York as early as the 

 beginning of the 18th century. In 1700 a 

 Dutch Calvinist minister at Schenectady, 

 Rev. Bernardus Freeman, who had already 

 given sufficient attention to the Mohawk 

 to acquire the language, was employed to 

 prepare some Gospel and ritual transla- 

 tions, which formed the basis of the first 

 booklet in the language, published in Bos- 

 ton in 1707. In 1712 the English Society 

 for the Propagation of the Gospel sent out 

 Rev. William Andrews, who, with the as- 

 sistance of a Dutch interpjreter, Lawrence 

 Claesse, and of Rev. Bernardus Freeman, 

 translated and published a great part of 

 the liturgy and some parts of the Bible 

 3 years later. The work grew and ex- 

 tended to other tribes of the Iroquois con- 

 federacy, being especially fostered at a 

 later period by Sir William Johnson, su- 

 perintendent for Indian affairs, who had 



