miiA.. .'!01 



MISSIONS 



879 



[(ulilislicd at his own expense, in 17()!», a 

 new edition of tiie Kpiscojialian lituriiy in 

 the Mohawk langua^H', the joint work of 

 several missionaries, i)rincii)al of whom 

 was Rev. Henry l'>arelay. l'"idni tiiis time 

 until 1777 the j)iiiieii)al worker in the 

 tribe was Rev. John Stnart, who trans- 

 lated tlie New Testament into Irofjnois. 

 On the removal of the Mohawk and 

 others of the Irocjnois to Canada, in eon- 

 seqnenee of tlie Revolutionary war, a new 

 edition was pre])ared ))y Ihuiiel ('ians, 

 offieial interjireter, and piil>lisiied under 

 the auspices of the Canadian jirovincial 

 <j;overnment. In 17<S7a new translation 

 of the Book of Common Prayer, prepared 

 by the noted chief, Joseph Brant (see 

 Theyanduueyu), who had been a pupil of 

 Wheelock's scihool, in Connecticut, was 

 published at the exjjense of the Enjilish 

 Government. In 1S16 another edition 

 appeared, ])repaTeil liy the Rev. I'lleazer 

 Williams, a mixed-blood Caughnawatja, 

 sometimes claimed as the "Lost Dau- 

 phin." JNIr Williams labored chiefly 

 among the Oneida in New York. He was 

 succeeded, about 1.S21, by Solomon Davis, 

 who followed the tribe in the emigration to 

 Wisconsin. The latter was the author of 

 several religious books in the Oneida dia- 

 lect, including another edition of the Book 

 of Common Prayer, pul)lished in 1S37. 

 In 1822 the Society for the I'roi)agation 

 of the Gospel, alreadj' noted, definitely 

 transferred its operations to the Iroquois 

 res., on (irand r., Ontario, where it still 

 continues, its principal establishment l)e- 

 ing the Mohawk Institute, near Brant- 

 ford. For this later period the most dis- 

 tinguished name is tliatof Rev. Abraham 

 Nelles, chief mi.s^ionary to the Six Nations 

 of Canada lor more than 50 years, almost 

 up to his death iu 1884. He was also the 

 author of a translation of the Common 

 Prayer, in which he was aided by an 

 educated native, Aaron Hill. (See also 

 Ca»(i(l<i, East) 



Of less historic importance was the 

 INIunsee mission of Crossweeksung, near 

 the present Freehold, N. J., conducted 

 by Rev. David Brainerd for the Society 

 for the Propagation of the Gospel, in 

 174fi-47. 



In Virginia a scliool for the education 

 of Indians was established in connection 

 with William and Mary College, Wil- 

 liamsburg, about 1097, chiefly through 

 the effort of Mr Robert Boyle, and some 

 Indians were still under instruction there 

 as late as 1760. Some earlier plans to the 

 same end had been frustrated bv the out- 

 break of the Indian war of 1622 (Stith)- 

 Under (tov. Spotswood a school was es- 

 tablished among the Saponi about 1712, 

 but had only a brief existence. Both of 

 these may be considered as under Ejris- 

 copalian auspices. 



1033—07 2 



In 1766, the Cfmgrer/dtioiKil. minister 

 Rev. Samuel Kirkland jx'gan among the 

 Oneida of New York the work which he 

 conducted with success for a period of 

 nearly 40 years. The Stockbridge and 

 Brotlierton missions in New York and 

 Wisconsin by the same denomination are 

 properly a cf)ntinuation (jf New England 

 history, and are so treated in this article. 

 To a later period belongs the Congrega- 

 tional mission among the Seneca of New 

 York, maintained by Rev. Asher Wright 

 from his first ai)])ointment in bS.'il until 

 his death in 1.S75. A fluent master of 

 Seneca, he was the author of a nundier 

 of religious and educational works in the 

 language, besides for sonie years ])ublish- 

 inga journal of miscellany in the same 

 dialect. 



The Frieuds, or (^lutkers, in Pennsylva- 

 nia and New Jersey, from their lirst com- 

 ing among the Indians, had uniforndy 

 cultivated kindly n-lations with them, 

 and had taken every opportunity to en- 

 force the teachings of Christianity by 

 word and example, but seem not to liave 

 engaged in any regular mission work or 

 estal)lished any mission schools in either 

 of these colon ie.s. 



As early as 1791 the noted Seneca 

 chief, Cornplanter, impressed by the ef- 

 forts of the (Quakers to bring al)out a 

 friendly feeling l)etween the two races, 

 requested the Philadelphia yearly meet- 

 ing t.o take charge of three boys of his 

 tril)e for education, one of them being 

 his own son. In 1796 the meeting be- 

 gan regular work among the Iroquois 

 in New York by establishing three 

 workers among the Oneida and the 

 Tuscarora. These teachers gave flrst at- 

 tention to the building of a mill and a 

 blacksmith shop, the introduction of farm 

 tools, and the instruction of the Indians 

 in their use. The women wei'e instructed 

 in household duties, including spinning 

 and weaving. A school was also com- 

 menced, and the work progressed until 

 1799, when, in consequence of the sus- 

 picions of the Indians as to the ultimate 

 purpose, the (Quakers withdrew, leaving 

 all their working plant behind. In 1798, 

 on invitatiim of the Seneca, they estab- 

 lished a similar working mission on the 

 Allegany res. , and later at ( 'attaraugusand 

 Tunesassah, with the good result that in 

 a few years most of the bark cabins had 

 given place to log houses, and drunken- 

 ness was almost unknown. They re- 

 mained undisturbed through the war of 

 1812, at one time forestalling a smallpox 

 epidemic by the vaccinati<m of about 1 ,000 

 Indians, 1)ut were soon afterward called 

 on to chamjiion the cause of their wards 

 against the efforts at removal to the W. 

 In the meantime the New York meeting, 

 about 1807, had started schools among the 



