BULL. 30] 



MISSIONS 



893 



zona, organizing a regular colonization 

 and governmental administration and 

 dividing the region into 7 mission dis- 

 tricts in charge oi a force of Franciscan 

 friars. In 1017 the Pueblo missions 

 counted 11 churclies, with 14,000 "con- 

 verts." In 1021 there were more than 

 16,000 converts, served by 27 priests in 

 chargeof Father Alonso Benavides, whose 

 Meniorud is our pruicipal source of inlor- 

 niation for this period. Another distin- 

 guished name of this epoch is that of 

 Father Geronimo de Zarate Salmeron, 

 missionary, philologist, and historian. 

 In lOoO there were some 50 priests serv- 

 ing more than 00,000 Christianized In- 

 dians in 90 pueblos, with 25 principal 

 mission centers and churches. To this 

 period belong the mission ruins at Abo 

 and Tabira, or "Gran Quivira" (one of 

 which may be the San Isidro of the lost 

 Jumano tribe), which were abandoned in 

 consequence ol Apache nivasions about 

 1675. The entire Pueblo population to- 

 day numbers barely 10,000 souls in 25 

 villages. 



About this tnne we begin to observe 

 the first signs of revolt, due partly to the 

 exactions of the Spanish military author- 

 ities, but more, apparently, to the at- 

 tachment of the Indians, particularly the 

 medicine-men, to their own native cere- 

 monies and religion. About the year 

 1650 the wild tribes, known collectively 

 as Apache, began the series of destruc- 

 tive raids which continued down almost 

 to the present century. Increasing fric- 

 tion between the missionaries and the 

 military administration prevented any 

 united effort to meet the emergency. 

 Missionaries were killed in outlying dis- 

 tricts and several pueblos were wiped out 

 by the wild tribes, until in 1675, after the 

 murder of several missionaries and civil- 

 ians and the execution or other punish- 

 ment of the principals concerned, the 

 Pueblo chiefs, led by Pope (q. v. ) of San 

 Juan, sent to the governor a message de- 

 claring that they would kill all the Span- 

 iards and flee to the mountains before 

 they would permit their medicine-men to 

 be harmed. Conditions rapidly grew 

 worse, until it was evident that a general 

 conspiracy was on foot and an appeal was 

 sent to Mexico by the governor for re- 

 inforcements. Before help could arrive, 

 however, the storm broke, on August 10, 

 1680, the historic Pueblo revolt, organ- 

 ized and led by Pope. 



Says Bancroft ( Hist. Ariz, and N. Mex., 

 1 889 ) : " 1 1 was the plan of the Nev,' IVIexi- 

 cans to utterly exterminate the Spaniards; 

 and in the massacre none were spared — 

 neither soldier, priest, or settler, personal 

 friend or foe, young or old, man or 

 woman^except that a few beautiful 

 women and girls were kept as captives." 



Those in the S. were warned in time to 

 escape, butthoscin the N., E., and W. per- 

 ished to the number of over 400 ])erson.s, 

 including 21 mi.ssi(jnaries (see list, ibid., 

 p. 179). Santa Fc itself, with a Spanish 

 population of 1,000, after a battle lasting 

 all day, was besieged nearly a week by 

 ;^,000 Indians, who were finally driven 

 off by (iov. Otermin in a desperate sortie 

 in which the Indians lost 350 killed. 

 The result was the entire evacuation of 

 New ]\Iexico l)y the Spaniards until its 

 recon(|uest by Vargas in 1092-94, when 

 most of the missions were reestablished. 

 The Pueblo spirit was not crushed, how- 

 ever, and ill the summer of 1096 there 

 was another outbreak l)y five tribes, re- 

 sulting in the death of five missionaries, 

 besides other Spaniards. The rising was 

 soon subdued, except among the Hopi, 

 who deferred submission until 1700, but 

 only one of their seven cr eight towns, 

 Awatobi, would consent to receive mis- 

 sionaries again. For the favor thus 

 shown to Cliristians the other Hopi com- 

 bined forces and utterly destroyed Awa- 

 tobi and killed many of its people before 

 the clo.se of the year. The Hopi did not 

 again become a mission tribe, but in 1742 

 more than 440 Tigiia, who had fled to the 

 Hopi at the time of the great revolt, were 

 brought back and distributed among the 

 missions of the Rio Grande until they 

 could be resettled in a new town of their 

 own. (See (SVmdj'a.) 



In 1733 Father Mirabal established a 

 mission among the wild Jicarilla, on 

 Trampas r., a few leagues from Taos, X. 

 Mex. In 1746 and 1749 attempts were 

 made to gather a part of the Navaho into 2 

 new missions established in the neighbor- 

 hood of Laguna, but the undertaking was 

 a failure. In the latter year the number 

 of Christian Indians in New Mexico, in- 

 cluding the vicinity of El Paso, was re- 

 ported to be about 13,000. By this time 

 the territory had been organized as a 

 bishopric, and with the increase of the 

 Spanish population the relative impor- 

 tance of the mission work declined. In 

 1780-81 an epidemic of smallpox carried 

 off so many of the Christian Indians that 

 by order of the governor the survivors 

 were the next year concentrated into 20 

 missions, the other stations being discon- 

 tinued. As the Indians assimilated with 

 the Spanish population the missions 

 gradually took on the character of ordi- 

 nary church estal)lishments, the Francis- 

 cans being superseded by secular priests. 

 The majority of the Pueblo Indians of 

 to-day, excepting those of Hopi and Zufii, 

 are at least nominal Christians. 



In the more recent historic period work 

 has also been comlucted at several pue- 

 blos by various Protestant denominations. 

 In 1854 a Baptist minister. Rev. Samuel 



