894 



MISSIONS 



[b. a. e. 



Gorman, began a mission at Laguna, N. 

 Mex., which was kept up for several 

 years. In 1894 Rev. C. P. Coe, of the 

 same denomination, began a similar work 

 for the Hopi of Arizona. The Mennonites, 

 represented by Rev. H. R. Voth, had be- 

 gun a year earlier at Oraibi a successful 

 work among the Hopi, which is still car- 

 ried on, being now in charge of Revs. 

 Jacob p]pp and John B. Frey. 



About the year 1876 the Fresbi/terians, 

 through Rev. John Menaul, established a 

 mission at Laguna, the undertaking being 

 afterward extended to Jemez and Zufii, 

 N. Mex., besides an industrial school 

 opened at Albuquerque in 1881. By 

 means of a printing press operated at La- 

 guna, with the aid of Indian pupils, sev- 

 eral small devotional and reading books 

 have been published by Menaul and Ber- 

 covitz, connected with the mission, which 

 still continues. 



With the exception of those among the 

 Hopi, before the great revolt, the only 

 missions in Arizona before the transfer of 

 the territory to the United States were 

 two in number, viz. : San Xavier del Bac 

 and San Miguel de Guevavi, established 

 under Jesuit auspices on the upper waters 

 of Santa Cruz r., among a subtribe of the 

 Pima, about 1732. 



The Pima missions were a northern ex- 

 tension of the Jesuit mission foundation 

 of northern Sonora, Mexico. The noted 

 German Jesuit explorer. Father Eusebio 

 Kino (properly Kiihne), made several 

 missionary expeditions into s. Arizona be- 

 tween 1692 and his death in 1710, but so 

 far as known no regular stations were es- 

 tablished until long after his death, the 

 first priests in charge in 1732 being two 

 other Germans, Father Felipe Segesser, 

 at Bac, and Father Juan Grashofier, at 

 Guevavi. Besides the main establish- 

 ment, several other Indian villages were 

 designated as 'visitas,' or visiting sta- 

 tions. The Pima mission never flour- 

 ished. In 1750 the tribes revolted and 

 the missions were plundered, most of the 

 missionaries escaping, and by the time 

 peace was restored the contest had begun 

 against the Jesuits, which resulted in the 

 expulsion of the order from Spanish ter- 

 ritory in 1767. Their place was at once 

 tilled by the Franciscans, but the work 

 languished and steadily declined under 

 the attacks from the wild tribes. About 

 the year 1780 Guevavi was abandoned in 

 consequence of Apache raids, and Tuma- 

 cacori, in the same general region, was 

 made mission headquarters. The work 

 came to an end by decree of the revolu- 

 tionary government in 1828, shortly after 

 the transfer of authority from Spain to 

 Mexico. 



California. — As irt other parts of Span- 

 ish America, the Oitholics were the sole 



mission workers in California until within 

 a very recent period. The most noted of 

 all the Spanish missions were the Fran- 

 ciscan missions of California, whose story 

 is so closely interwoven with the history 

 and romance of the Pacific coast, and 

 whose ruins still stand as the most pic- 

 turesque landmarks of the region. Their 

 story has been told so often that we need 

 not here go into details. The first one 

 was established in 1769 at San Diego, 

 near the s. boundary, by Father Junipero 

 Serra (to whose memory a monument 

 was erected at Monterey in 1891 ), who ad- 

 vanced slowly along the coast and passed 

 the work on to his successors, until in 1828 

 there was a chain of 21 prosperous mis- 

 sions extending northward to beyond 

 San Francisco bay. The full list, in the 

 order of their establishment, with the 

 names of the founders or superiors in 

 charge of the California mission district 

 at the time, is as follows: 1, San Diego de 

 Alcala (Serra, 1769); 2, San Carlos Bor- 

 romeo de ]\Ionterey, alias Carmel (Serra, 

 1770); 3, San Antonio de Padua (Serra, 

 1771, July); 4, San Gabriel Arcangel 

 (Serra, 1771, Sept.); 5, San Luis Obispo 

 de Tolosa (Serra, 1772) ; 6, San Francisco 

 de Asis, alias Dolores (Serra, 1776, Oct.); 

 7, San Juan Capistrano (Serra, 1776, 

 Nov.); 8, Santa Clara (Serra, 1777); 9, 

 San Buenaventura (Serra, 1782) ; 10, Santa 

 Barbara (Palou, 1786); 11, La Purisima 

 Concepcion (Palou, 1787); 12, Santa 

 Cruz (Palou, 1791, Sept.); 13, Nuestra 

 Sefiora de la Soledad (Palou, 1791, Oct. ); 



14, San Jose (Lasuen, 1797, June 11); 



15, San Juan Bautista (Lasuen, 1797, June 

 24); 16, San Miguel (Lasuen, 1797, July); 

 17, San Fernando Rey (Lasuen, 1797, 

 Sept. ) ; 18, San Luis Rey de Francia (Peyri, 

 1798); 19, Santa Inez (Tapis, 1804); 20, 

 San Rafael (Payeras, 1817); 21, San Fran- 

 cisco Solano, alias San Solano or Sonoma 

 (Sonoma, 1823); 22, La Purisima Conce})- 

 cion, on lower Colorado r. (Garces, 

 1780); 23, San Pedro y San Pablo de 

 Bicuner, on lower Colorado r. , possibly in 

 Lower California (Garces, 1780). 



Among the many devoted workers 

 connected with the California missions 

 during the 65 years of their existence the 

 most prominent, after Serra, are Fathers 

 Crespi, Palou, and Peyri, the last-named 

 being the founder, and for a number of 

 years the superior, of San Luis Rey, 

 which shared with San Diego the hcmor 

 of being the largest and most important 

 of the series. In 1810 the neophyte 

 population of San Diego was 1,611, while 

 that of San Luis Rey was 1,519. 



The mission buildings, constructed en- 

 tirely by Indian labor under supervision 

 of the fathers, were imposing structures 

 of brick and stone, some of which even in 

 their roofless condition have defied the 



