HULL. 30] 



MISSIONS 



901 



later at Port Hope on L. Ontario. Ilc- 

 sidf'S l)uil<lin^' up a ilourif^liinti- ^<(•llool, 

 Mr ( )' .Mcara found time to tran.^latc into 

 tlu^ nativt', lunLruaue tlie I'ook of C'onnnon 

 Prayer, considerable portions of both the 

 Old and tiie New Testament, and a vol- 

 ume of hymns, the last in cooperation 

 witii the Rev. Peter Jacobs. He died 

 about 1S70. Of the more recent jieriod 

 the most noted worker is Rev. K. F. Wil- 

 son, who l)ef;;an his labors under the 

 anspict^s of the Church .Mission Society 

 in 1S()S. To his efforts the Indians owe 

 the Shiu<;\vauk and \\'awanosh homes at 

 Sault Ste JMarie, Ontario, where some (iO 

 or 80 children are cared for, educated, 

 and tauiiht the rudiments of trades and 

 simjde industries. A school journal, 

 set up and j)rinted by the Indian boys, 

 has also l)een. conducted at intervals, 

 undei' various titles, for nearly oO years. 

 Mr Wilson is the author of a number of 

 Indian writiniis, of which the most im- 

 portant is probably a ' jNIanual of the 

 Oji])way J..anguage,' for the use of mis- 

 sion workers. 



In 1S;]5 a mission was established also 

 on Thames r. , among the ^lunsee, a rem- 

 nant of those DelaMare refugees from the 

 United States who for so many years of 

 the colonial period had lieeu tlu' ol)ject of 

 Moravian care (see Middle Atlantic Slaks) . 

 One of the pioneer workers. Rev. Mr 

 Flood, translated the church liturgy into 

 the language of the tribe. 



Of 17,49S Christian Indians otticially 

 reported in 1906 in Ontario province, 

 5,251!, or not (piite one-third, are I'redited 

 to the Ejiiscnpid or Anglican church, in- 

 cluding — Iroquois in various l)ands, 3,073; 

 "Chippewasof the Thames," 593; "Ojib- 

 bewas of L. Superior," 554; "Chippewas 

 and Saulteaux of Treaty No. 3" (Mani- 

 toba border), 709; " Munsees of the 

 Thames" (originally Moravian converts 

 from the United States; see Middle Athnitir 

 tStdtc.'i), 154; "Ojibbewas and Ottawas of 

 Manitoulin and Cockburn ids.," 169; 

 Potawatomi of Walpole id., 79; and one 

 or t\\ o smaller gix)ups. 



The work among the Eskimo of the 

 Lal)rador coast — otHcially a part of New- 

 foundland — is conducted by the Mora- 

 ricnin. In 1752 a reconnoitering mission- 

 ary imrty landed near the present Hope- 

 dale. Imt was attacked bv the natives, 

 who killed 15rother J. C. lihrhardt and 5 

 sailors, v/hereupon the survivors returned 

 home and the attenapt for a time was 

 abandoned. One or two other exploring 

 trips were made for the same purpose, 

 and in 1769 permission to establish mis- 

 sions on the Labrador coast was formally 

 asked by the jNIoravians and granted by 

 the British government. In 1771 the 

 first mission was begun at Nain, appar- 



ently by Brother Jens Haven. It is now 

 the chief settlement on the Labrador 

 coast. In 1776 Okak was e.'^talilished l)y 

 Brother Paid Lavritz, followed l)v Hope- 

 dak'in 17K2,and Hebron in 1S:!0. Tothe.^e 

 have more recently i;een added Zoar and 

 Ramah. The efforts of the missionarii's 

 liave been most successful, the wander- 

 ing Fskiino having been gathered into 

 ])ennanent settlements, in each of which 

 area clnu'ch, stori', mission residence, and 

 workshops, with dwelling houses on the 

 model of the native iglu. Besides receiv- 

 hig religious instruction, the natives ave 

 taught the sim])le mechanical arts, but to 

 guard against their innate improvidence, 

 the missionaries have found it necessary 

 to introduce thecommunalsystem, by tak- 

 ing charge of all food supplies to distribute 

 at their own discretion. All the missions 

 are still in nourishing ojicration, having 

 now under their influence al)out 1,200 of 

 the estimated 1,500 Eskimo along a coast 

 of about 500 m. in length. The total 

 nmnber of mission workers is about 30 

 (see Hind, Labrador Peninsula.) 



To these Moravian workers we owe a 

 voluminous body of F]skimo literature — 

 grammars, dictionaries, scriptural trans- 

 lations, hymns, and miscellaneous pub- 

 lications. Among the prominent names 

 are those of Bourquin, about 1880, author 

 of a grammar and a Bible history; Burg- 

 hardt, gospel translations, 1813; Erd- 

 mann, missionary from 1834 to 1872, a 

 dictionary and other works; Freitag, a 

 manuscrij>t grannnar, 1839; and Kohl- 

 meister, St John's Gospel, 1810. The 

 majority of these Moravian publications 

 were issued anonymously. 



In 1820 the Weslet/an Metliodists, through 

 Rev. Alvin Torry, began work among the 

 immigrant Iroquois of the Ontario reser- 

 vations, wliich was carried on with not- 

 able success for a long term of vears by 

 Rev. William Case. In 1823 MrCase ex- 

 tended his lal)orstothe Missisauga, a band 

 of the Chipi)ewa x. of L. Ontario. The 

 most important inunediate result was the 

 conversion of IVter Jones (Kahkewakuo- 

 naby), a half-l)reed, who was afterward 

 ordained, and became the princiijal mis- 

 sionary among his people and the more 

 remote C-hippewa bands until his death 

 in 1856. He is known as the author of a 

 collection of hymns in his native language 

 and also a small 'History of the Ojeb- 

 way Indians.' Another noted mission- 

 ary convert of this period was Shawuu- 

 dais, or John Sunday. Another native 

 worker of a somewhat later period was 

 Rev. Henry Steinhauer, Chippewa, after- 

 ward known as a missionary to the Cree. 

 Still another pioneer laborer in the same 

 region was Rev. James Evans, afterward 

 also missionary to the Cree and inventor 



