Colieatee sn ARR: ab les 
MORPHOLOGY. 
PRONOUNS. 
§ 12. Dakota pronouns may be classed as personal (simple and com- 
pound), interrogative, relative, and demonstrative pronouns, together with the 
definite and indefinite pronouns or articles. 
PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 
§ 13. To personal pronouns belong person, number, and case. 
1. There are three persons, the jirst, second, and third. 
2. There are three numbers, the singular, dual, and plural. The dual 
is only of the first person; it includes the person speaking and the person 
spoken to, and has the form of the first person plural, but without the ter- 
mination ‘pi 
3. Pronouns have three cases, sabjective, objective, and possessive. 
§ 14. The simple pronouns may be divided into separate and incorpo- 
rated ; i. e. those which form separate words, and those which are prefixed 
to or inserted into verbs, adjectives, and nouns. The incorporated pronouns 
may properly be called article pronouns or pronominal particles. 
Separate. 
) 15. 1. (a) The separate pronouns in most common use, and probably 
the original ones, are, Sing., miye, J, niye, thou, iye, he. The plural of 
these forms is denoted by ‘uykiye’ for the first person, ‘niye’ for the second, 
and ‘ive’ for the third, and adding ‘pi’ at the end either of the pronoun 
itself or of the last principal word in the phrase. Dual, unkiye, (Land 
thow) we two. 
These pronouns appear to be capable of analysis, thus: To the incor- 
porated forms ‘mi,’ ‘ni’ and ‘i,’ is added the substantive verb ‘e,’ the vis 
coming in for euphony. So that ‘mive’ is equivalent to I am, ‘niye’ to thou 
art, and ‘ive’ to he is.! 

‘A knowledge of the cognate languages of the Siouan or Dakotan stock would have led the 
author to modify, if not reject, this statement, as well as several others in this volume, to which at- 
tention is called by similar foot-notes. ‘Mi’ and ‘ni’ can be possessive (§ 21) and dative (§ 19, 3), or, 
as the author terms it, objective (though the act is to another); but he did not show their use in the 
subjective or nominative, nor did he give ‘i’ as a pronoun in the 3d singular. Besides, how could 
he reconcile his analysis of mis, nis, and is (§ 15, 1, }) with that of miye, niye, and iye?—J. 0. D. 
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