i) DAKOTA GRAMMAR, TEXTS, AND ETHNOGRAPHY. 
(b) Another set of separate pronouns, which are evidently contracted 
forms, are, Sing., mis, J, nis, thou, is, he. The Plural of these forms is desig- 
nated by employing ‘uykis’ for the first person, ‘nis’ for the second, and ‘is’ 
for the third, and adding ‘pi’ at the end of the last principal word in the 
phrase. Dual, uykis, (1 and thow) we two. ‘These contracted forms of mis, 
nis, and ig would seem to have been formed from miye, niye, tye; as, miye 
e§ contracted into mis; niye es contracted into nis, ete. 
2. These pronouns are used for the sake of emphasis, that is to say, 
they are employed as emphatic repetitions of the subjective or objective 
pronoun contained in the verb; as, mis wakaga, (J I-made) I made; miye 
mayakaga, (me me-thou-madest) thou madest me. Both sets of pronouns are 
used as emphatic repetitions of the subject, but the repetition of the object 
is generally confined to the first set. It would seem in fact that the first 
set may originally have been objective, and the second subjective forms. 
3. Mis miye, J myself; nis niye, thow thyself; i$ tye, he himself; uykis 
unkiyepi, we ourselves, ete., are emphatic expressions which frequently 
occur, meaning that it concerns the person or persons alone, and not any 
one else. 
§ 16. 1. The possessive separate pronouns are: Sing., mitawa, my or 
mine, nitawa, thy or thine, tawa, his; Dual, wykitawa, (mine and thine) ours ; 
Plur., unkitawapi, ow or ours, nitawapi, your or yours, tawapi, their or 
theirs: as, wowapi mitawa, my book, he mitawa, that is mine. 
2. The separate pronouns of the first set are also used as emphatic 
repetitions with these; as, miye mitawa, (me mine) my own; niye nitawa, 
thy own; iye tawa, his own; uykiye ujkitawapi, our own. 
INCORPORATED OR ARTICLE PRONOUNS.! 
§ 17. The incorporated pronouns are used to denote the subject or 
object of an action, or the possessor of a thing. 
Subjective. 
§ 18. 1. The subjective article pronouns, or those which denote the 
subject of the action, are: Sing., wa, J, ya, thou; Dual, un, (I and thou) we 
two; Plur., uy-pi, we, ya-pi, ye. The Plur. term, ‘pi’ is attached to the end 
of the verb. 
“Article pronoun” is adopted by the author from Powell’s Introduction to the Study of Indian 
Languages, 2d ed., p. 47. But the article pronoun of Powell differs materially from that of Riggs. 
The classifier which marks the gender or attitude (standing, sitting, ete.) should not be confounded 
with the incorporated pronoun, which performs a different function (§ 17),—J. 0. D. 
