PRONOUNS. i133 
2. (a) These pronouns are most frequently used with active verbs; as, 
wakaga, I make; yakaga, thou makest; unkagapi, we make. 
(b) They are also used with a few neuter and adjective verbs. The 
neuter verbs are such as, ti, fo dwell, wati, I dwell; itoysni, to tell a lie, 
iwatoysni, J tell a lie. The adjective verbs with which ‘wa’ and ‘ya’ are 
used are very few; as, waonsida, merciful, waoysiwada, I am merciful ; 
duzahan, swift, waduzahay, I am swift of foot; ksapa, wise, yaksapa, thou 
art wise. 
(c) The neuter and adjective verbs which use the article pronouns ‘wa’ 
and ‘ya’ rather than ‘ma’ and ‘ni,’ have in some sense an active meaning, 
as distinguished from suffering or passivity. 
3. When the verb commences with a vowel, the ‘uy’ of the dual and 
plural, if prefixed, becomes ‘uynk;’ as, itonsni, fo tell a lie, unkitoysni, we two 
tell a lie; au, to bring, unkaupi, we bring. 
4. When the prepositions ‘ki,’ fo, and ‘kiG,’ for, occur in verbs, instead 
of ‘waki’ and ‘yaki,’ we have ‘we’ and ‘ye’ (§ 7. 2.); as, kiéaga, to make to 
one, weéaga, I make to; kidiéaga, to make for, yedi¢éaga, thou makest for, 
yediéagapi, you make for one. Kiksuya, to remember, also follows this rule; 
as, weksuya, J remember. 
5. In verbs commencing with ‘yu’ and ‘ya,’ the first and second per- 
sons are formed by changing the ‘y’ into ‘md’ and ‘d;’ as, yuwaste, fo 
make good, mduwaste, I make good, duwaste, thow makest good, duwastepi, 
you make good; yawa, to read, mdawa, I read, dawa, thou readest. In like 
manner we have iyotayka, to sit down, imdotaynka, I sit down, idotanka, thou 
sittest down. 
6. In the Titoyway dialect these article pronouns are ‘bl’ and ‘1;’ as, 
bluwaste, luwaste, ete. 
7. These forms, ‘md’ and ‘d,’ may have been shortened from miye 
and niye, the ‘n’ of niye being exchanged for ‘d.” Hence in Titonway 
we have, for the first and second persons of ‘ya,’ fo go, mni kta, ni kta." 
8. The third person of verbs and verbal adjectives has no incorporated 
pronoun. 
Objective. 
§ 19. 1. The objective pronouns, or those which properly denote the 
object of the action, are, Sing., ma, me, ni, thee; Plur., wy-pi, ws, and ni-pi, you. 


'T am inclined to doubt this statement for two reasons: 1. Why should one conjugation be sin- 
gled out to the exclusion of others? If md (bd, bl) and d (1) have been shortened from miye and niye, 
how about wa and ya (§ 18, 1), we and ye (§ 18,4), ma and ni (§ 19, 1-2, b)? 2. See footnote on §15, 1, a. 
This could be shown by a table if there were space. See § 54. J. O. D. 
