14 DAKOTA GRAMMAR, TEXTS, AND ETHNOGRAPHY. 
2. (a) These pronouns are used with active verbs to denote the object 
of the action; as, ka@a, he made, makaga, he made me, nigagapi, he made you 
or they made you. 
(b) They are also used with neuter verbs and adjectives; as, yazan, 
to be sick, mayazay, I am sick; waste, good, mawaste, [am good. The Eng- 
lish idiom requires that we should here render these pronouns by the sub- 
jective case, although it would seem that in the mind of the Dakotas the 
verb or adjective is used impersonally and governs the pronoun in the ob- 
jective. Or perhaps it would better accord with the genius of the language 
to say that, as these adjective and neuter-verb forms must be translated as 
passives, the pronouns ‘ma’ and ‘ni’ should not be regarded in all cases as 
objective, but, as in these examples and others like them, subjective as well. 
(c) They are also incorporated into nouns where in English the sub- 
~ stantive verb would be used as a copula; as, wiéasta, man, Wimacéasta, J am 
a man. 
3. In the same cases where ‘we’ and ‘ye’ subjective are used (see 
§ 18, 4), the objective pronouns have the forms ‘mi’ and ‘ni,’ instead of 
‘maki’ and ‘niéi;’ as, kiéag@a, he makes to one, miéaga, he makes to me, 
niéaga, he makes to thee, niéagapi, he makes to you. 
4. There is no objective pronoun of the third person singular, but 
‘wiéa’ (perhaps originally mai) is used as an objective pronoun of the third 
person plural; as, wastedaka, to love any one, wastewiéadaka, he loves them; 
wicayazay, they are sick. When followed by a vowel, the ‘a’ final is 
dropped; as, eéawiéuykicoypi, we do to them. 
§ 20. Instead of ‘wa,’ J, and ‘ni,’ thee, coming together in a word, the 
syllable ‘4’ is used to express them both; as, wastedaka, to love, wasteéi- 
daka, I love thee. The plural of the object is denoted by adding the term 
‘pi;’ as, wastecidakapi, ZT love you The essential difference between ‘é1’ 
and the ‘wy’ of the dual and plural is that in the former the first person is 
in the nominative and the second in the objective case, while in the latter 
both persons are in the same case. (See § 24, 1.) 
The place of the nominative and objective pronouns in the verb, adjec- 
tive, or noun, into which they are incorporated, will be explained when 
treating of those parts ot speech, 
Possessive. 
§ 21. Two forms of possession appear to be recognized in Dakota, 
natural and artificial. 
(a) The possessive article pronouns of the first class are, Sine., mi or 
Ba 
