16 DAKOTA GRAMMAR, TEXTS, AND ETHNOGRAPHY. 
(b) When these possessive pronouns are prefixed to abstract nouns 
which commence with ‘wo,’ both the ‘a’ of the pronoun and ‘w’ of the 
noun are dropped; as, wowaste, goodness, mitowaste, my goodness ; woksape, 
wisdom, nitoksape, thy wisdom; wowaoysida, mercy, towaonsida, his mercy. 
(c) But when the noun commences with ‘a,’ the ‘a’ of the pronoun is 
usually retained; as, aki¢ita, @ soldier, mitaakidita, my soldier. 
3. ‘Wiéa’ and ‘wici’ are sometimes prefixed to nouns, making what 
may be regarded as a possessive of the third person plural; as, wiéahuyku, 
their mother; widiatkuku, their father. 
4. ‘Ki’ is a possessive pronominal particle infixed in a large number of 
verbs; as, bakiksa, bokiksa, nakiksa, in the Paradigm; and, okide, to seek 
one’s own, from ode; wastekidaka, to love one’s own, from wastedaka; iyekiya, 
to find one’s own—to recognize—trom iyeya, ete. In certain cases the ‘ki’ is 
simply ‘k’ agglutinated; as, kpaksa, to break off one’s own, trom paksa; 
kpagan, to part with one’s own, from pagan, ete. 
5. Other possessive particles, which may be regarded as either pro- 
nominal or adverbial, and which are closely agglutinated, are, ‘hd,’ in 
Isanyati; ‘kd,’ in Yankton, and ‘gl,’ in Titonway. These are prefixed to 
verbs in ‘ya,’ ‘yo,’ and ‘yu.’ See this more fully explained under Verbs. 
Tables of Personal Pronouns. 
ae — — —— aa 
SEPARATE PRONOUNS. | 

Subjective. Objective. | Possessive. | 
| Sing. 3. iye; is iye tawa 
2. niye; nis niye | nitawa 
1 miye; mis miye | mitawa | 
Dual 1. unkiye;  unkis | unkitawa 
Pluz. 3. iyepi; iyepi tawapi 
2: niyepi; niyepi | nitawapi 
1 upkiyepi; unkis unkiyepi | unkitawapi 
INCORPORATED PRONOUNS. 
Nominative. Objective. Possessive, 
te ne | 
Sing. 3 -ku, -tku; ta- 
2 ya; ye nl; ni ni-; ni-; nita- 
1 wa; we ma; mi mi-; ma-; mita- | 
Dual 1 un; unki un-3 unki-; unkita- 
Plur. 3 wiéa -kupi, -tkupi; ta-pi 
2 ya-pi; ye-pi ni-pi;  ni-pi ni-pi;  ni-pi; nita-pl { 
1 un-pi; unki-pi un-pi; unki-pi un-pi; unpki-pi; unkita-pi 
