18 DAKOTA GRAMMAR, TEXTS, AND ETHNOGRAPHY. 
2. ‘Daa’ or ‘na’ is sometimes suffixed with a restrictive signification ; 
as, dena, these, denana, only these; hena, those, henana, only so many. 
3. ‘E’ is used sometimes as a demonstrative and sometimes as an 1m- 
personal pronoun. Sometimes it stands alone, but more frequently it is in 
combination, as, ‘ee,’ ‘dee,’ ‘hee,’ this is it. Thus it indicates the place of 
the copula, and may be treated as the substantive verb. (See § 155.) _ 
ARTICLES. 
§ 28. There are properly speaking only two articles, the definite and 
indefinite. 
Definite Article. 
§ 29. 1. The definite article is kin, the; as, wiéasta kin, the man, maka 
kin, the earth. 
2. The definite article, when it occurs after the vowel ‘e’ whicn has 
taken the place of ‘a’ or ‘ay,’ takes the form ‘éin’ (§ 7. 1.); as, wiéasta Side 
Gi, the bad man. 
3. Uses of the definite article: (@) Itis generally used where we would 
use the in English. (b) It is often followed by the demonstrative ‘he’—kin 
he—in which case both together are equivalent to that which. In the place 
of ‘kin,’ the Titonway generally use ‘kinhay.’’ (c) It is used with verbs, 
converting them into verbal nouns; as, eéoypi kin, the doers. (d) It is 
often used with class nouns and abstract nouns; when in English, the would 
be omitted; as, woksape kin, the wisdom, i. e., wisdom. See this more at 
large under Syntax. 
4. The form of kin, indicating past time, is kon, which partakes of the 
nature of a demonstrative pronoun, and has been sometimes so considered; 
as, wicasta kon, that man, meaning some man spoken of before. 
5. When ‘a’ or ‘ay’ of the preceding word is changed into ‘e,’ ‘koy’ 
becomes ‘Cikoy’ (§ 7. 1.); as, tuwe wanmdake ¢ikon, that person whom I 
saw, or the person I saw. 
In Titonway, koy becomes Gon, instead of ¢ikoy. W. J. CLEVELAND. 
Indefinite Article. 
§ 30. The indefinite article is ‘way,’ a or an, a contraction of the nu- 
meral wanzZi, one; as, wiGasta wan, a man. The Dakota article ‘wan’ would 
seem to be as closely related to the numeral ‘wanzi’ or ‘wanéa,’ as the 
While some of the Titonwar may use “‘kinhan” instead of “ yin,” this can not be said of those 
on the Cheyenne River and Lower Brule reservations. They use yin in about two hundred and fifty- 
five texts of the Bushotter and Bruyier collection of the Bureau of Ethnology.—4s. 0, D. 
