English article ‘an’ to the numeral one. 
frequently than the indefinite article in English. 
VERBS. 
VERBS—VERBAL ROOTS. 14S) 
This article is used a little less 
§ 31. The Verb is much the most important part of speech in Dakota; 
as it appropriates, by agglutination and synthesis, many of the pronominal, 
prepositional, and adverbial or modal particles of the language. 
Verbal Roots. 
§ 32. The Dakota language contains many verbal roots, which are 
used as verbs only with certain causative prefixes, and which form partici- 
ples by means of certain additions. 
common verbal roots:— 
baza, smooth 
ga, open out 
gal), open out 
gapa, open out 
gata, spread 
guka, spread out 
hinta, brush off 
hmup, teist 
hna, fall off 
hnayan, deceive 
huhuza, shake 
héa, open out, expand 
héi, erumble, gap 
lidata, scratch 
hdeéa, tear, smash 
hdoka, make a hole 
hepa, exhaust 
hica, arouse 
hpa, fall down 
hipu, crumble off 
htaka, catch, grip 
hu, peel 
huga, jam, smash 
kawa, open 
kéa, untangle 
kinéa, scrape off 
kinza, creak 
konta, notch 
ksa, separate 
ksa, bend 
ksiza, double up 
ktay, bend 
mdaza, spread open 
mdaza, burst out 
mdu, fine, pulverize 
muna, rip 
muni, spread out 
pota, wear out 
psaka, break in two 
psuy, spill 
psuy, dislocate 
pta, cut out, pare off 
ptanyan, turn over 
ptuza, crack, split 
sba, ravel 
sbu, dangle 
sdeéa, split 
skiéa, press 
skita, draw tight 
smniy, scrape off 
sna, ring 
sni, cold, gone out 
sota, clear off, whitish 
The following is a list of the more 
Saka, press down 
Ska, tie 
Skica, press 
Sna, miss 
Spa, break off 
Spi, pick off 
Spu, fall off 
Suza, mash 
taka, touch, make fast 
tay, well, touch 
tepa, wear off 
tica, scrape 
tipa, contract 
titan, pull 
tkuga, break off 
tpi, crack 
tpu, crumble, fall off 
wega, fracture 
winza, bend down 
zamui, open out 
Za, stir 
Zaza, rub out, efface 
Zi, stiff 
Zipa, pinch 
“uy, root out 
zuzu, come to pieces. 
Verbs formed by Modal Prefixes. 
§ 33. The modal particles ‘ba,’ ‘bo,’ ‘ka,’ ‘na,’ ‘pa,’ ‘ ya,’ and ‘yu’ 
are prefixed to verbal roots, adjectives, and some neuter verbs, making of 
