20 DAKOTA GRAMMAR, TEXTS, AND ETHNOGRAPHY. 
them active transitive verbs, and usually indicating the mode and instru- 
ment of the action. 
(a) The sytlable ‘ba’ prefixed shows that the action is done by cutting 
or sawing, and that a knife or saw is the instrument. For this the Titonwan 
use ‘wa’ for the prefix. 
(b) The prefix ‘bo’ signifies that the action is done by shooting with a 
gun or arrow, by punching with a stick, or by any instrument thrown end- 
wise. It also expresses the action of rain and hail; and is used in reference 
to blowing with the mouth, as, bosni, to blow out.’ 
(c) The prefix ‘ka’ denotes that the action is done by striking, as with 
an axe or club, or by shaving. It is also used to denote the effects of wind 
and of running water. 
(d) The prefix ‘na’ generally signifies that the action is done with the 
foot or by pressure. It is also used to express the involuntary action of 
things, as the bursting of a gun, the warping of a board and cracking of 
timber, and the effects of freezing, boiling, ete. 
(e) The prefix ‘pa’ shows that the action is done by pushing or rubbing 
with the hand. 
(f) The prefix ‘ya’ signifies that the action is performed with the mouth. 
(g) The prefix ‘yu’ may be regarded as simply causative or effective. 
It has an indefinite signification and is commonly used without any refer- 
ence to the manner in which the action is performed. 
Usually the signification of the verbal roots is the same with all the prefixes, as 
they only have respect to the manner and instrument of the action; as, baksa, to cut 
in two with a knife, as a stick; boksa, to shootoff; kaksa, to cutoff with an are; naksa, 
to break off with the foot; paksa, to break off with the hand; yaksa, to bite off; yuksa, 
to break off. But the verbal root Ska appears to undergo a change of meaning; as, 
kaSka, to tie, yuska, to wntie. 
§ 34. These prefixes are also used with neuter verbs, giving them an 
active signification ; as, nazi, to stand, vunazin, to raise up, cause to stand ; 
éeya, to ery, naceya, to make cry by kicking. 
§ 35. 1. We also have verbs formed from adjectives by the use of such 
of these prefixes as the meaning of the adjectives will admit of; as, waste, 
good, yuwaste, to make good ; teéa, new, yuteéa, to make new ; Siéa, bad, 
yasiéa, to speak evil of. 
2. Verbs are also made by using nouns and adjectives in the predicate, 
in which case they are declined as verbs; as, Damakota, I am a Dakota ; 
mawaste, [am good. 
'For the Titonwan use, see ‘wo’ and ‘yn’ in the Dictionary. 
