TENSE—PARTICIPLES. O35) 
ciple; and is contracted if capable of contraction (§ 11); as, wanyaka, to 
see any thing, wayyag mde kta, (to see it I-go will) I will go to see it; nahoy 
wauy, (hearing I-am) I am hearing, or I hear. 
What in other languages are called conditional and subjunctive modes may be 
formed by using the indicative with the conjunctions unkans, kinhan or ¢inhan, tuka, 
esta or Sta, and kes, which come after the verb; as, Geya unkaps, if he had cried; Geye 
cinhan, if he cry; ceye kta tuka, he would cry, but he does not: wahi unkans wakaske 
kta tuka, if I had come, I would have bound him. 
TENSE. 
§ 43. Dakota verbs have but two tense forms, the aorist, or indefinite, 
and the future. 
1. The aorist includes the present and imperfect past. It has com- 
monly no particular sign. Whether the action is past or now being done 
must be determined by circumstances or by the adverbs used. 
2. The sign of the future tense is ‘kta’ placed after the verb. It is 
often changed into ‘kte;’ for the reason of which, see § 6. 1. b. 
What answers to a perfect past is sometimes formed by using ‘kon’ or ‘ éikoy,’ 
and sometimes by the article ‘kin’ or ‘¢i1);’ as taku nawalion koy, what I heard. 
PARTICIPLES. 
§ 44. 1. The addition of ‘hay’ to the third person singular of some 
verbs makes an active participle; as, ia, to speak, iahay, speaking; nazin, to 
stand, nazinhay, standing; mani, to walk, manihan, walking. The verbs that 
admit of this formation do not appear to be numerous.’ 
2. The third person singular of the verb when preceding another verb 
has often the force of an active participle; as, nahoy wauy, I am hearing. 
When capable of contraction it is in this case contracted; as, wanyaka, fo 
see, wanyag nawazin, I stand seeing. 
§ 45. 1. The verb in the plural impersonal form has in many instances 
the force of a passive participle; as, makaskapi waun, (me-they-bound I-am) 
TI am bound. 
2. Passive participles are also formed from the verbal roots (§ 33) by 
adding ‘han’ and ‘ wahay ;’ as, ksa, separate, ksahay and ksawahay, broken 
‘Judging from analogy, han (see han, to stand, to stand upright on end, in the Dictionary) must 
have been used long ago as a classifier of attitude, the standing object. Even now we tind such a use 
of tay in Gegiha (Omaha and Ponka), kay in Kansa, tqay and kqan in Osage, taha in yoiwere, and 
tceka in Winnebago. The classifier in each of these languages is also used after many primary verbs, 
as han is here, to express incomplete or continuous action, See ‘‘The comparative phonology of four 
Siouan languages,” in the Smithsonian Report for 1883,—J. O. D. 
