26 DAKOTA GRAMMAR, TEXTS, AND ETHNOGRAPHY. 
in two, as a stick. In some cases only one of these forms is in use; but 
generally both occur, without, however, so far as we have perceived, any 
difference in the meaning. 
A few of the verbal roots are used as adjectives; as, mdu, fine; but they also 
take the participle endings; as, mduwahay crumbled fine. 
CONJUGATION IL. 
§ 46. Those which are embraced in the first conjugation are mostly 
active verbs and take the subjective article pronouns ‘ya’ or ‘ye’ and 
‘wa’ or ‘we’ in the second and first persons singular. 
FIRST VARIETY. 
\ 47. The first variety of the first conjugation is distinguished by pre- 
Y f ante} d 
fixing or inserting ‘ya’ and ‘wa,’ article pronouns of the second and first 
persons singular. 
A. PRONOUNS PREFIXED. 
Kaska, to tie or bind anything. 
INDICATIVE MODE. 
Aorist tense. 
Sing. Dual. Plur, 
3. kaSka, he binds or he bound. kaskapi, they bind. 
2. yakéska, thow bindest. yakaskapi, ye bind. 
1. wakaska, J bind. ujkaska, we too bind. unkaskapi, we bind. 
Future tense. 
3. kaske kta, he will bind. kaSkapi kta, they will bind. 
2. yakaske kta, thou wilt bind. yakaskapi kta, ye will bind. 
lL. wakaske kta, [ will bind. uykaskapi kta, we will bind. 
unkaske kta, we two will bind. 
IMPERATIVE MODE. 
Sing. Plur. 
2. kaskaé wo, ye, or we, bind thou. kaSka po, pe, or miye, bind ye. 
PARTICIPLE. 
kaSkahay, bound. 

