XIV DAKOTA GRAMMAR, TEXTS, AND ETHNOGRAPHY. 
SEPARATE PRONOUNS. 
On page 11 it is said that the separate personal pronouns “ appear to 
be capable of analysis, thus: To the incorporated forms mi, ni, and i, is 
added the substantive verb, e, the y coming ia for emp ny So that miye 
is equivalent to [ am, niye to thou art, and iye to he is.” On page 12 the 
author informs us that ‘mis, nis, and is would seem to have been formed 
from miye, niye, iye; as, miye es contracted into mis; niye eS contracted 
into nis, ete.” On the same page we find the emphatic forms of the 
pronouns, mis miye, Imyself; nis niye, thou thyself; is iye, he himself, ete. 
Now, if the author has made correct analyses, miye =mi+y-+e; 
niye=ni+y+e; iye=i+y+e; mis=mi+y-+e+es; nis =ni+y+e-+es; 
is =ity+e+es; mis miye =mi+y+e+es mi+y-+e. He tells us, too, that 
the forms mis, nis, and is were originally subjective, while miye, niye, and 
iye were originally objective. 
On examining a myth in the Bushotter (Teton) collection, the following 
sentences were extracted, as they show how the Teton Indians use the separ- 
able pronouns. When the Giant Anung-ite or Two Faces discovers the pres- 
ence of his adversary, Hayela, he exclaims, Niseya kakis¢iya yadiy na él 
You too Imake you suffer you wish and to 
mayau he: Are you coming to me because you wish me to make you 
me youare ? 
coming 
suffer, too? (Here nis is subjective or nominative.) Hayela replies, 
Hiya, niyes pha yin hmtny ela kaksa iyeéiyin kta éa él Gihi: No, I 
No, you indeed head the witha whizzing cutting it I'make yours will when to Icome 
(and no one sound off go suddenly to you 
else) 
come to you in order to cut off your head (making) a whizzing sound 
(with my sword) as I send it (your head) suddenly (or forcibly) to the 
ground. Here niyes, which is objective in this sentence, marks a contrast: 
it is you only, not I, who must suffer. After killing the giant, Hayela 
takes the rescued infant to the lodge of his parents, who are afraid to let 
him enter, as they think that he is the giant. So Hayela says, Ina, he 
O mother, that 
miye éa wahi ye lo: O mother, this is I who have come, not he (the 
I 
as I have indeed 
come 
giant). Here miye is subjective. When Hayela is taken to the lodge of 
the chief who has two daughters, the elder daughter says to the younger, 
Ito, miyes le bluha kte: Well, I (not you) will have this one (for my 
Well, I (not you) this L have will 
husband). But the younger sister laughs as she retorts, He yadéin $ni éa 
That you wanted not as 
miyes hingna wayin kte ding: As you did not want him (when you 
L (not you) ahusband Ihave him will .(female : = 
for speaking) 
