PREFACE. XIII 
chiefly by Dr. Horatio Hale, though a few were acquired since 1882 by 
Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt and myself. The Mandan words are taken from the 
vocabularies of Dr. F. V. Hayden, Dr. W. J. Hoffman, and Prince 
Maximilian, of Wied. 
(qe) 
rr’ 
as a in what or as o in not. 
sh, given as § by the author and Matthews. 
a medial sound, between sh ($) and zh (2). 
as th in thin, the surd of ¢. 
a d sound followed by a dh sound which is scarcely audible. 
This combination is peculiar to the Biloxi, Hidatsa, and Kwapa 
languages. Given as d by Matthews. 
dh, or as th in the, the sonant of ¢. 
a short e as in get. 
a sound heard at the end of certain syllables, but slightly 
audible, nearer h than kh. Given by Matthews as an apos- 
trophe after the modified vowel. 
as in tt. 
zh, or as % in azure. Given as % by the author and as z by 
Matthews. 
a medial k, between @ and k, heard in’ Teton, (hegiha, ete. 
an exploded k. Given as k by the author. 
a vanishing n, scarcely audible, as the French n in bon, vin, 
ete., occurring after certain vowels. Given as » by the 
author. 
as ng in sing, singer, but not as ng in finger; heard some- 
times before a k-mute, at others just before a vowel, as in 
\Lolwere (i-ctin-e, i-yith-e, wan-e, ete.). Given as n by the 
author. 
kh or as ch in German ach. Given as h by the author and 
Matthews. 
a medial sound, between d and t. 
as oo in foot. 
as u in but, given by Matthews as ‘‘a” with a dot subscript. 
as ch in church. Given as 6 by the author. 
a t sound followed by a ¢ (th) sound, as th in thin, but searcely 
audible. It is the surd of d¢, and is peculiar to the Bilox , 
Hidatsa, and Kwapal anguages. Givenas t by Matthews. 
a medial sound, between dj (j as in judge) and te. 
a medial sound, between dz and ts. 
