NOUNS: DIMINUTIVES. 4] 
buffalo or deer’s heart; tapa, a deers head; tacezi, a buffalo’s tongue; taha, a deers 
skin; taéesdi, the ‘bois de vache’ of the prairie. 
When to such nouns is prefixed ‘wa’ (from waliayksi¢a, a bear), their signifi- 
cation is limited to the bear species; as, wapa, a bears head; waha, a bear’s skin; 
wasuy, @ bears den. 
In like manner, ‘ho,’ from hogan, «@ fish, prefixed to a few nouns, limits their sig- 
nification to that genus; as, hoape, fish-fins ; hoaske, the bunch on the head of a fish. 
6. Abstract nouns are formed from adjectives by prefixing ‘ wiéo,’ 
which may be regarded as compounded of ‘ wiéa’ and ‘ wo;’ as waste, good, 
wicowaste, goodness, waoysida, merciful; wiGowaoysida, mercy. 
7. a. Nouns are formed from verbs in the intransitive or absolute 
state by sufhixing ‘pi;’ as, wowa, fo paint or write, wowapi, (they wrote some- 
thing) something written, a writing or book; wayawa, to count, wayawapi, 
Jigures or arithmetic. 
b. Any verb may be used with the plural ending as a verbal noun or 
gerund, sometimes without, but more commonly with, the definite article ; 
as, 1éazo, to take credit, iGazoyn, credit; wayawaste, to bless, wayawastepi, 
blessing ; waihayngya, to destroy, waihangvapi, destroying; eéoy, to do, econpi 
kin, the doing of a thing. 
8. When ‘s’a’ is used after verbs, it denotes frequency of action, and 
gives them the force of nouns of the person; as, kage s’a, a maker; eGonpi 
s’a, doers; yakonpi sa, dwellers. 
Diminutives. 
§ 63. ‘Dan’ or ‘na’ is suffixed to nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs, 
and has sometimes a diminutive and sometimes a restrictive signification. 
1. Suffixed to nouns, ‘day’ is generally diminutive; as, mde, lake, 
mdeday, little lake ; wakpa, river, wakpadan, little river or rivulet ; apa, some, 
apaday, a small part. 
2, Some nouns now appear only with the diminutive ending, although 
they may formerly have been used without it: as, hoksiday, boy; Suylipa- 
dan, little dog, puppy ; Suyeiday, for. 
3. Nouns ending with this diminutive take the plural termination be- 
fore the day; as, hoksiday, boy, hoksipiday, boys. 
4. Some nouns ending in ‘na,’ when they take the plural form, change 
‘na’ into ‘day; as, widinyanna, girl, widinyanpidan, girls ; wanistinna, a 
Jew, plur. wanistinpiday. In some cases ‘day’ is used only in the plural 
form; as, tonana, @ few, plur. tonananpidan. 
The Ihanktoyway and Sisitoyway commonly use ‘na,’ and the Titoyway ‘la,’ in 
stead of ‘day,’ for the diminutive ending; as, hoksina and hoksila, for hoksiday. 
