42 DAKOTA GRAMMAR, TEXTS, AND ETHNOGRAPHY. 
§ 64. 1. ‘Dan’ is often joined to adjectives and verbs, as the last prin- 
cipal word in the clause, although it properly belongs to the noun; as, 
Suktanka way waste-day (horse a good-little), a good little horse, not a herse a 
little good ; niéinksi Geye-day (thy-son cries-little), thy little son cries. 
2. When used with a transitive verb, ‘day’ may belong either to the 
subject or the object of the verb; as, nisuyka Sunka kiktedan (thy-brother 
dog his-killed-little), thy little brother killed his dog, or thy brother killed his little 
dog. 
Gender. 
) 65. 1. Gender is sometimes distinguished by different names for the 
masculine and feminine; as, wiéasta, man, winohinéa, woman ; tatanka, buf- 
Jalo bull, pte, buffalo cow; helhiaka, the male elk, wpay, the female elk. 
2. But more commonly the distinction is made by means of adjectives. 
‘Wiéa’ and ‘winyay’ denote the male and female of the human species ; 
as, hoksiyokopa wiéa, a male child, hoksiyokopa winyay, a female child. 
‘Mdoka’ and ‘wiye’ distinguish the sex of animals ; as, tamdoka, a buck ; 
tawiyedan, a doe, the ‘day’ being diminutive. These words, however, are 
often written separately ; as, pagonta mdoka, a drake ; zitkadaa wiye, a hen 
bird. In some instances contraction takes place ; as, Suyg mdoka, a horse ; 
Sung wiye, a mare, from suyka. 
3. Proper names of females of the human species trequently have 
‘win, an abbreviation of ‘winyan,’ female, for their termination; as, 
Totidutawin (Woman of her red house); Wakankazuzuwin (Female spirit that 
pays debts). Sometimes the diminutive ‘winna’ is used for ‘win;’ as, 
Mahpiwinna (Cloud woman). 
Number. 
§ 66. To nouns belong two numbers, the singular and plural. 
1. The plural of animate objects is denoted by the termination ‘pi,’ 
which is attached either to the noun itself; as, Sunka, a dog, Sujkapi, dogs ; 
or, as is more commonly the case, to the adjective or verb which follows it 
in the same phrase ; as, Suyka ksapapi, wise dogs ; Suyka eéoypi, dogs did it. 
2. (a) Names of inanimate objects seldom take the plural termination, 
even when used with a plural meaning; as, Gan, a tree or trees ; maga, a 
Jield or fields. 
(b) On the other hand, some nouns formed from verbs by adding the 
plural termination ‘pi’ (§ 62. 7. a.) are used with a singular as well as a 
plural meaning; as, tipi, @ house or houses; wowapi, a book or books. 
