44 DAKOTA GRAMMAR, TEXTS, AND ETHNOGRAPHY. 
(b) Nouns expressing relationship form their genitive by means of the 
suffix pronouns ‘ku,’ ‘éu,’ ‘tku;’ as, sunka, younger brother, Dawid sunkaku, 
David's younger brother; Giayye, the elder brother of a man, Tomas éinéu, 
Thomas's elder brother; Gyksi, a daughter, wiéasta Ginnksitku, man’s daughter. 
Proper and Family Names.' 
§ 70. The proper names of the Dakotas are words, simple and com- 
pounded, which are in common use in the language. They are usually 
given to children by the father, grandfather, or some other influential rela- 
tive. When young men have distinguished themselves in battle, they fre- 
quently take to themselves new names, as the names of distinguished an- 
eestors of warriors now dead. The son of a chief, when he comes to the 
chieftainship, generally takes the name of his father or grandfather; so that 
the same names, as in other more powerful dynasties, are handed down 
along the royal lines. 
aC) Dakota proper names sometimes consist of a single noun; as, 
Mahpiya, Cloud; Hoksidan, Boy; Wamdeniéa, Orphan; Wowaéiyan, 
Faith. 
(b) Sometimes they consist of a single adjective; as, Sakpe, (Six) Lit- 
tle-six, the chief at Prairieville. 
2. (a) But more frequently they are composed of a noun and adjec- 
tive; as Istahba (eyes-sleepy), Sleepy-eyes; Tatanka-hanska (buffalo-long), 
Long buffalo; Matohota, Grizzly-bear; Wamdi-duta, Scarlet-cagle; Mato- 
tamaheéa, Lean-bear; Mazahota, Grey-iron; Maza-a, Sounding-metal; Wa- 
paha-sa, Red-flag-staff, called now Wabashaw. 
(b) Sometimes they are formed of two nouns; as, Mahpiya-wiéasta, 
Cloud-man ; Pezihuta-wiéasta, Medicine-man; Ite-wakinyay, Thunder-face. 
3. Sometimes a possessive pronoun is prefixed; as, Ta-makoée, E%s 
country; Ta-peta-tanka, His-great-fire ; Ta-oyate-duta, His-red-people. 
(a) Sometimes they consist of verbs in the intransitive form, which 
may be rendered by nouns; as, Wakute, Shooter; Wanapeya, One-who- 
causes-flight. 
(b) Sometimes they are compounded of a noun and verb; as, Aki¢ita- 
nazin, Standing-soldier or Sentinel; Tatanka-nazin, Standing-buffalo ; Ma- 
lypiva-mani, Walking-cloud ; Wanmdi-okiva, One-who-talks-with-the-eagle ; 
Malipiya-hdinape, Cloud-that-appears-again. 


A aaeeee ation of personal names of the iomane. Ponka, Ka unsa, Osage, Iowa, Oto, Fant aca 
tribes will be found on pp. 393-399, Proc. A. A. A. S., xxxiv, 1885. See also ‘Indian personal names,” 
pp. 263-268, Amer, Anthropologist, July, 1890.—J. O. D. 

