45 DAKOTA GRAMMAR, TEXTS, AND ETHNOGRAPHY. 
(b) The numbers between twenty and thirty, thirty and forty, ete., are 
occasionally expressed by placing an ordinal before the cardinal, which de- 
notes that it is so many in such a ten; as, iyamni topa, four of the third (ten), 
i. c., twenty-four ; itopa yamni, three of the fourth (ten), 1. ¢., thirty-three. 
It is an interesting study to analyze these numerals. It has been stated 
above, that the Dakota, in common with all Indians, it is believed, are in 
the habit of using the hands in counting. It might be supposed then that 
the names indicating numbers would be drawn largely from the hand. 
The following derivations and explanations, it is believed, will be found in 
the main reliable. 
1. Wanéa, ete. from way! interjection—calling attention—perhaps, at 
the same time, holding up a finger. 
2. Noypa, from en aonpa, fo bend down on, or place on, as the second 
finger is laid down over the small one; or perhaps of nape oypa, nape 
being used for finger as well as hand. The Ponka and Omaha is nayba, 
and the Winnabago nuyp.’ 
3. Yamni, from mui (voot) signifying either turning over or laying up ; 
the ‘ya’ perhaps indicating that it is done with the mouth. (See § 34/.) 
It is suggested, as a further solution of yamni, that the ‘mni’ may be an old 
root, meaning together oy flow together, as we have it in the reduplicate amnimni, ¢. 4, 
mini amnimni, to sprinkle water upon. The Ponka and Omaha is dha-bdhiy.” 
4. Topa, from opa, fo follow; (perhaps ti, @ house, and opa, follow awith) 
as we say, ‘in the same box,’ with the rest. The three have banded 
together and made a ‘ti’ or ‘tiday,’ as we would say a family, and the 
fourth joins them. ‘The Ponka and Omaha is duba. 
5. Zaptay, from za, (root) holding (or perhaps whole, as im zani), and 
ptayyay or ptaya, together. In this case the thumb is bent down over the 
fingers of the hand, and holds them together. 
6. Sakpe, from Sake, nail, and kpa or kpe, (root) lasting as some kinds 
of food which go a good ways, or filled, as a plump grain. This is the 
second thumb, and the reference may be to the other hand being completed. 
Possibly from the idea of bending down as in nakpa, the ear. 
7. Sakowin, from Sake, nail, and owin, perhaps from owinga, to bend 
down ; but possibly from oin, fo wear, as jewelry, this being the fore jJinger 
of the second hand; that is, the ring finger. 
Two takes the form ¢a"ba (dhan-ba) in the Omaha name Maxe ¢a"ba, Two Crows and de¢a"ba, 
seven (+27). Ywoin Winnebago is expressed variously, even by the same speaker, Thus, we find 
nonp, nonpa, noynpi, and nuynp.—J. O. D. 
Wa-bei" in the notation of the Bureau of Ethnology.—J. O. D. 
